BIOLOGICAL Assumptions Flashcards
What is evolutionary change?
Gradual change of a species over time proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859.
What is natural selection?
Only a small proportion of each generation survives to reproduce. Offspring vary and some characteristics give animals an advantage, allowing them to survive and reproduce.
What are adaptive characteristics in natural selection?
Characteristics that increase an animal’s chance of survival and reproduction, passed down to future generations
Give an example of altruism in evolutionary terms.
Saving an offspring enhances the survival of that individual’s gene pool, ensuring the species survives.
What is the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)?
The environment in which the brain evolved, which humans are adapted to, such as co-habitation, hunting, and watching for threats.
What is the principle of localisation of brain function?
The brain is made of interconnected neurons and is divided into hemispheres, with each region having specific functions. Damage to a brain area can result in the loss of a specific function.
What happened to Phineas Gage after his accident?
After a metal bar went through his brain, his memory, cognition, and strength were unaffected, but his personality changed; he became rude, irritable, and disrespectful.
How many neurons are in the brain and spinal cord?
Roughly 100 billion neurons.
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the brain?
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that help the brain process thoughts and memories.
How does evolutionary theory explain relationship formation?
Relationships form with individuals who possess traits that ensure successful reproduction. Males seek fertile females, while females seek partners who can provide resources.
What is Trivers’ Parental Investment Theory?
Females invest more in their offspring and are choosier in selecting a mate who can provide the most resources.
How does dopamine influence relationships?
Dopamine is associated with pleasure-seeking and motivates the pursuit of relationships, giving a “hit” of pleasure when a partner is found.
What is the role of oxytocin in relationships?
Oxytocin is linked to human bonding and increasing trust. High levels are associated with romantic attachment.
What is the chemical drive in humans to form relationships?
The brain has a natural chemical drive, with hormones like oxytocin and dopamine influencing our attraction and bonding with others.
