BIOL 1100 Unit 02 (04, 05, 06, 07, 09) Flashcards
nucleoid
central part of a prokaryotic cell’s central part where the chromosome is located
what type of cells have a nucleoid
prokaryotic
what organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
plant cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, central vacuole
what organelles do animal cells have that plant cells don’t?
centrosomes, lysosomes
nucleus function
houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis
nucleolus function
assembles ribosome subunits
golgi apparatus function
sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
lysosome function
digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
contractile vacuole function
an osmoregulatory vesicle; maintains water pressure
ribosome function
protein synthesis
mitochondria function
carries out cellular respiration, creates ATP
Fluid Mosaic Model
describes the plasma membrane’s structure as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids (sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid character (fluidity)
selectively permeable
membrane characteristic that allows some substances through (also known as semipermeable)
what is the difference between passive and active transport (energy and concentration gradient)?
passive transport moves with the concentration gradient and requires no energy; active transport moves against the gradient requiring energy
passive transport
method of transporting material through a membrane that does not require energy; moves along/with the concentration gradient and requires no energy to move
active transport
method of transporting material that requires energy; material moves against the concentration gradient and requires energy to move
osmosis
transport of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the water’s concentration gradient across the membrane that results from the presence of solute that cannot pass through the membrane
diffusion
passive transport process of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient
What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
lysis of the cell, bloat/burst
What will happen to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
cell will shrivel/shrink
What will happen to an animal cell placed in a isotonic solution?
nothing
what molecules function for membrane transport?
transport protein
membrane protein that facilitates a substance’s passage across a membrane by binding it
endocytosis
type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell
exocytosis
process of passing bulk material out of a cell (Waste material is enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the plasma membrane’s interior.)
pinocytosis
“cell drinking”. a variation of endocytosis that imports macromolecules that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid (Pinocytosis results in a much smaller vesicle than does phagocytosis, and the vesicle does not need to merge with a lysosome)
phagocytosis
(the condition of “cell eating”) is the process by which a cell takes in large particles, such as other cells or relatively large particles.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
variation of endocytosis that involves using specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles
hypotonic solution
situation in which extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell (In living systems, the point of reference is always the cytoplasm, so the prefix hypo- means that the extracellular fluid has a lower solute concentration, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm.)
hypertonic solution
situation in which extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell (cytoplasm), resulting in water moving out of the cell; Because the cell has a relatively higher water concentration, water will leave the cell.
isotonic solution
the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell. If the cell’s osmolarity matches that of the situation in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell, resulting in no net water movement into or out of the cell
endergonic
describes chemical reactions that require energy input; have a positive ∆G (energy is entering the system)
exergonic
describes chemical reactions that release free energy; have a negative ∆G (Think: exergonic means energy is exiting the system. We also refer to these reactions as spontaneous reactions, because they can occur without adding energy into the system.)
enzyme’s function
reduces the activation energy required to reach the transition state (Enzymes do this by binding to the reactant molecules, and holding them in such a way as to make the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more readily.)
oxidation reaction
strips an electron from an atom in a compound
reduction reaction
The addition of an electron stripped from one compound to another compound
redox reaction
chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction
metabolic pathway common to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
glycolysis
Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
O2
glycolysis
process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH
electron transport chain
group of proteins between PSII and PSI that pass energized electrons and use the energy released by the electrons to move hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid lumen
