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Z Fall 2024 > BIOL 1100 Unit 01 (Ch 01, 02, 03) > Flashcards

BIOL 1100 Unit 01 (Ch 01, 02, 03) Flashcards

1
Q

The hierarchy of living things?

A

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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2
Q

The characteristics of living things

A

RAGE HERO:
Responsiveness
Adaptation
Growth
Energy Processing

Homeostasis
Evolution
Reproduction
Order

8 characteristics: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation/homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution

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3
Q

Covalent

A

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

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4
Q

Kingdoms belonging to domain Eukarya?

A

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

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5
Q

Definition of hypothesis

A

a suggested explanation for an event, which one can test.

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6
Q

The purpose of the control in an experiment

A

to serve as a standard or baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to isolate the effect of the independent variable by eliminating the influence of other factors, and ensuring that any observed changes are due to the manipulated variable rather than external influences

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7
Q

The four most common elements in living organisms

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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8
Q

Proton location, charge, and weight

A

located in nucleus, charge of 1+, 1 amu

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9
Q

Definition and examples of “compound”

A

a substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
Examples: OH, H20,

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10
Q

Neutron location, charge, and weight

A

located in nucleus, charge of 0, 1 amu

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11
Q

Electron location, charge, and weight

A

located in orbital, charge of 1-, 0 amu

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12
Q

Atomic number

A

total number of protons in an atom

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13
Q

Atomic mass

A

calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes

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14
Q

Isotope

A

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

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15
Q

Octet Rule: How many levels and electrons on each

A

1n: 2
2n: 8
3n: 8

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16
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions; gains or loses electrons to bond

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17
Q

Hydrogen

A

weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

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18
Q

which types of bonds occur in water molecules

A

polar covalent bonds (reverse: do they occur in or between water molecules?)

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19
Q

which types of bonds occur between water molecules

A

hydrogen bonds (reverse: do they occur in or between water molecules?)

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20
Q

Reactant

A

molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction

21
Q

Product

A

molecule that is result of chemical reaction

22
Q

pH scale

A

scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution; Represents: hydrogen ions in a solution

23
Q

Acid

A

molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; less than 7 pH

24
Q

Base

A

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution; greater than 7 pH

25
Q

organic compound

A

chemical compound that contains carbon, except CO2

26
Q

Functions of enzymes

A

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein; Catabolic and anabolic

27
Q

-ose

A

sugar

28
Q

-ase

A

enzyme; indicates a protein with a catalytic function

29
Q

monosaccharide

A

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates (ex: glucose, galactose, fructose)

30
Q

disaccharide

A

two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links (ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose)

31
Q

polysaccharide

A

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched (ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen)

32
Q

how animals store carbs (in comparison to plants)

A

glycogen vs cellulose or starch

33
Q

how plants store carbs (in comparison to animals)

A

starch or cellulose vs glycogen

34
Q

which type of fat increases the risk of heart disease?

A

saturated fats and trans fats

35
Q

saturated fats

A

long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

36
Q

unsaturated fats

A

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

37
Q

what makes up a phospholipid?

A

comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

38
Q

What are the characteristics of phospholipids?

A

polar and non-polar regions/amphipathic
(membranes’ major constituent)

39
Q

what makes one protein different from another?

A

The R group

the amino acid sequence

40
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrate? Examples?

A

monosaccharide (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)

Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose

41
Q

What is the monomer of protein? Example?

A

amino acid (central carbon bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a hydrogen atom)

Ex: lysine, valine, tryptophan

42
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acid? Example?

A

nucleotide (a pentose sugar, 1+ phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base)

Ex: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C

43
Q

What is the monomer of lipids? Example?

A

(trick) a lipid is a polymer made up of a glycerol and fatty acids; no monomer

44
Q

Peptide bond

A

covalent bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

45
Q

What are the four structural levels of a protein?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

46
Q

primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

47
Q

secondary structure

A

regular structure that proteins form by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue;

folded protein (a-helix and B-pleated sheet)

48
Q

tertiary structure

A

a protein’s three-dimensional conformation, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains;

polypeptide’s unique 3d shape resulting from chemical interactions between R groups

49
Q

quaternary structure

A

association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein;

interactive with other 3d protein subunits

Z Fall 2024 (34 decks)

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