BIOL 1100 Unit 01 (Ch 01, 02, 03) Flashcards
The hierarchy of living things?
Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
The characteristics of living things
RAGE HERO:
Responsiveness
Adaptation
Growth
Energy Processing
Homeostasis
Evolution
Reproduction
Order
8 characteristics: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation/homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution
Covalent
type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms
Kingdoms belonging to domain Eukarya?
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
Definition of hypothesis
a suggested explanation for an event, which one can test.
The purpose of the control in an experiment
to serve as a standard or baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to isolate the effect of the independent variable by eliminating the influence of other factors, and ensuring that any observed changes are due to the manipulated variable rather than external influences
The four most common elements in living organisms
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Proton location, charge, and weight
located in nucleus, charge of 1+, 1 amu
Definition and examples of “compound”
a substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
Examples: OH, H20,
Neutron location, charge, and weight
located in nucleus, charge of 0, 1 amu
Electron location, charge, and weight
located in orbital, charge of 1-, 0 amu
Atomic number
total number of protons in an atom
Atomic mass
calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes
Isotope
one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
Octet Rule: How many levels and electrons on each
1n: 2
2n: 8
3n: 8
ionic bond
chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions; gains or loses electrons to bond
Hydrogen
weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
which types of bonds occur in water molecules
polar covalent bonds (reverse: do they occur in or between water molecules?)
which types of bonds occur between water molecules
hydrogen bonds (reverse: do they occur in or between water molecules?)
Reactant
molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction
Product
molecule that is result of chemical reaction
pH scale
scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution; Represents: hydrogen ions in a solution
Acid
molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; less than 7 pH
Base
molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution; greater than 7 pH
organic compound
chemical compound that contains carbon, except CO2
Functions of enzymes
catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein; Catabolic and anabolic
-ose
sugar
-ase
enzyme; indicates a protein with a catalytic function
monosaccharide
single unit or monomer of carbohydrates (ex: glucose, galactose, fructose)
disaccharide
two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links (ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose)
polysaccharide
long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched (ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen)
how animals store carbs (in comparison to plants)
glycogen vs cellulose or starch
how plants store carbs (in comparison to animals)
starch or cellulose vs glycogen
which type of fat increases the risk of heart disease?
saturated fats and trans fats
saturated fats
long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
unsaturated fats
long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
what makes up a phospholipid?
comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone
What are the characteristics of phospholipids?
polar and non-polar regions/amphipathic
(membranes’ major constituent)
what makes one protein different from another?
The R group
the amino acid sequence
What is the monomer of carbohydrate? Examples?
monosaccharide (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose
What is the monomer of protein? Example?
amino acid (central carbon bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a hydrogen atom)
Ex: lysine, valine, tryptophan
What is the monomer of nucleic acid? Example?
nucleotide (a pentose sugar, 1+ phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base)
Ex: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C
What is the monomer of lipids? Example?
(trick) a lipid is a polymer made up of a glycerol and fatty acids; no monomer
Peptide bond
covalent bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction
What are the four structural levels of a protein?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
secondary structure
regular structure that proteins form by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue;
folded protein (a-helix and B-pleated sheet)
tertiary structure
a protein’s three-dimensional conformation, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains;
polypeptide’s unique 3d shape resulting from chemical interactions between R groups
quaternary structure
association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein;
interactive with other 3d protein subunits
