Bioenergetics

Question 1

bioenergetics

Answer 1

the flow of energy in a biological system, concerns primarily the conversion of macronutrients - which contain chemical energy into biologically usable forms of energy

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy

Question 3

anabolism

Answer 3

the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules can be accomplished using eh energy released from catabolic reactions

Question 4

exergonic reactions

Answer 4

energy releasing reactions

Question 5

endergonic reactions

Answer 5

require energy and include the metabolic processes and the contraction of muscle

Question 6

metabolism

Answer 6

the total of all the catabolic (exergonic) and anabolic (endergonic) reactions in a biological system

Question 7

ATP

Answer 7

allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions

Question 8

hydrolysis

Answer 8

the breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy

Question 9

ATPase

Answer 9

the catalyst during hydrolysis of ATP

Question 10

ADP

Answer 10

an inorganic phosphate molecule and hydrogen ions

Question 11

anaerobic processes

Answer 11

do not require the presence of oxygen

Question 12

aerobic processes

Answer 12

depend on oxygen

Question 13

phosphogen and glycolytic systems

Answer 13

anaerobic mechanisms that occur in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell

Question 14

creatine phosphate and creatine kinase

Answer 14

breakdown of these phosphates are used in the phosphates system

Question 15

law of mass action or the mass action effect

Answer 15

states that the concentrations of reactants or products (or both) in solution will drive the direction of reactions

Question 16

glycolysis

Answer 16

the breakdown of carbohydrates - either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in blood

Question 17

pyruvate

Answer 17

the end result of glycolysis and my proceed in one of 2 directions -

1. can be converted to lactate in the sarcoplasm
2. can be shuttled into the mitochondria

Question 18

anaerobic (fast) glycolysis

Answer 18

when the pyruvate is converted to lactate ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate via the rapid regeneration of NAD+, but is limited in duration due to the subsequent H+ production and resulting decrease in cytosolic pH

Question 19

aerobic (slow) glycolysis

Answer 19

when the pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower because of the numerous reactions, but can occur for longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough

Question 20

metabolic acidosis

Answer 20

the process of exercise induced decrease in pH

Question 21

gluconeogenisis

Answer 21

the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 22

cori cycle

Answer 22

when lactate is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to glucose

Question 23

phosphorylation

Answer 23

the process of adding an inorganic phosphate to another molecule - ATP is the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Question 24

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 24

the resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain

Question 25

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 25

refers to the direct resythensis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways

Question 26

glycogenolysis

Answer 26

when muscle glycogen in the muscle is broken down into glucose

Question 27

lactate threshold

Answer 27

when blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration

Question 28

onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

Answer 28

the second increase in the rate of lactate accumulation