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MLT-MLS Fall 2022 > Biochemistry Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biochemistry Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structure of an amino acid contains what 2 functional groups?

A

Amine and carboxylic acid

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2
Q

What are amines derived from?

A

Ammonia (NH3)

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3
Q

What is carboxylic acid derived from?

A

Carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group

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4
Q

Short chains of amino acids (2~50) held together by peptide bonds

A

Peptides

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5
Q

Chain of 2 amino acids

A

Dipeptides

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6
Q

Longer chains of amino acids (>50)

A

Polypeptides

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7
Q

Large chains of polypeptides (200-300 typically) are known as

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Why are certain amino acids “essential”?

A

The body cannot synthesize them so we have to get them from our diet

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9
Q

What are the essential amino acids? (10)

A

PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Valine (Val)
Threonine (Thr)

Tryptophan (Trp)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)

Histidine (His)
Arginine (Arg)
Leucine (Leu)
Lysine (Lys)

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10
Q

What are the nonessential amino acids?

A

Alanine (Ala)
Asparagine (Asn)
Aspartic acid (Asp)
Cysteine (Cys)
Glutamic acid (Glu)
Glutamine (Gln)
Glycine (Gly)
Proline (Pro)
Serine (Ser)
Tyrosine (Tyr)

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11
Q

What are the 2 recently identified amino acids?

A

Selenocysteine (Sec)
Pyrrolysine (Pyl)

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12
Q

Inherited enzyme defects which inhibit metabolism of certain amino acids

A

Amino-acidopathies

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13
Q

Where are proteins primarily synthesized?

A

The liver

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14
Q

What proteins are not synthesized in the liver? Where are these synthesized?

A

Immunoglobulins/antibodies
They are synthesized in plasma cells

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15
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary

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16
Q

If pH > pI, what is the protein’s net charge?

A

Negative

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17
Q

If pH < pI, what is the protein’s net charge?

A

Positive

18
Q

What are simple proteins composed of?

A

Peptide chains of only amino acids

19
Q

What simple protein shapes serve as transporters, enzymes, and messengers?

A

Globular simple proteins

20
Q

What simple protein shape provides structure to cells?

A

Fibrous simple proteins

21
Q

What makes up conjugated proteins?

A

A protein and a nonprotein (referred to as “prothetic group”)

22
Q

Functions of proteins (8)

A

-Enzymes
-Hormones
-Transport
-Immunoglobulins
-Structural
-Storage
-Energy source
-Osmotic force

23
Q

Proteins that increase in quantity during inflammation

A

Positive acute phase proteins

24
Q

Proteins that decrease in quantity during inflammation

A

Negative acute phase proteins

25
Q

Positive acute phase proteins

A

-CRP
-Complement
-Fibrinogen
-Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
-Alpha-2 macroglobulin
-Ferritin
-Ceruloplasmin
-Haptoglobin
-Alpha-1 Antiotrypsin

26
Q

Negative acute phase proteins

A

-Albumin
-Transferrin
-Transthyretin (pre-albumin)
-Retinol-binding protein
-Antithrombin
-Transcortin

27
Q

_____ % of each protein is bound nitrogen

A

16%

28
Q

Where is does the breakdown of proteins primarily occur?

A

Liver

29
Q

What are the most frequently analyzed proteins?

A

Plasma/serum proteins

30
Q

What are the 2 main groups of proteins most frequently analyzed?

A

Albumin and globulins

31
Q

What are the 4 types of globulins?

A

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma

32
Q

What is the calculation for albumin?

A

Total Protein - globulins

33
Q

Another name for pre-albumin

A

Transthyretin

34
Q

Which protein serves as a transport protein for triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

A

Pre-albumin

35
Q

Which protein is critical in the transport of retinol (Vit A)?

A

Pre-albumin

36
Q

What could low values of Pre-albumin may indicate?

A

-Nutritional deficiency
-Hepatic damage
-Negative acute phase inflammatory response

37
Q

What could increased values of Pre-albumin indicate?

A

-Alcohol abuse
-Steroid therapy
-Chronic renal failure

38
Q

What is the most abundant (highest concentration) protein found in plasma/serum?

A

Albumin

39
Q

Reference range for Albumin

A

3.5 - 5.5 g/dL
or
35 - 55 g/L

40
Q

What is albumins primary function?

A

Bind and transport various substances in blood

41
Q

What could decreased albumin values indicate?

A

-Negative acute phase inflammatory response
-Liver &/or kidney disease
-Malnutrition
-Malabsorption

42
Q

What could increased albumin values indicate?

A

Most commonly: Dehydration

MLT-MLS Fall 2022 (10 decks)

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