Biochemistry Exam 3

Question 1

Basic structure of an amino acid contains what 2 functional groups?

Answer 1

Amine and carboxylic acid

Question 2

What are amines derived from?

Answer 2

Ammonia (NH3)

Question 3

What is carboxylic acid derived from?

Answer 3

Carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group

Question 4

Short chains of amino acids (2~50) held together by peptide bonds

Answer 4

Peptides

Question 5

Chain of 2 amino acids

Answer 5

Dipeptides

Question 6

Longer chains of amino acids (>50)

Answer 6

Polypeptides

Question 7

Large chains of polypeptides (200-300 typically) are known as

Answer 7

Proteins

Question 8

Why are certain amino acids “essential”?

Answer 8

The body cannot synthesize them so we have to get them from our diet

Question 9

What are the essential amino acids? (10)

Answer 9

PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Valine (Val)
Threonine (Thr)

Tryptophan (Trp)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)

Histidine (His)
Arginine (Arg)
Leucine (Leu)
Lysine (Lys)

Question 10

What are the nonessential amino acids?

Answer 10

Alanine (Ala)
Asparagine (Asn)
Aspartic acid (Asp)
Cysteine (Cys)
Glutamic acid (Glu)
Glutamine (Gln)
Glycine (Gly)
Proline (Pro)
Serine (Ser)
Tyrosine (Tyr)

Question 11

What are the 2 recently identified amino acids?

Answer 11

Selenocysteine (Sec)
Pyrrolysine (Pyl)

Question 12

Inherited enzyme defects which inhibit metabolism of certain amino acids

Answer 12

Amino-acidopathies

Question 13

Where are proteins primarily synthesized?

Answer 13

The liver

Question 14

What proteins are not synthesized in the liver? Where are these synthesized?

Answer 14

Immunoglobulins/antibodies
They are synthesized in plasma cells

Question 15

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Answer 15

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary

Question 16

If pH > pI, what is the protein’s net charge?

Answer 16

Negative

Question 17

If pH < pI, what is the protein’s net charge?

Answer 17

Positive

Question 18

What are simple proteins composed of?

Answer 18

Peptide chains of only amino acids

Question 19

What simple protein shapes serve as transporters, enzymes, and messengers?

Answer 19

Globular simple proteins

Question 20

What simple protein shape provides structure to cells?

Answer 20

Fibrous simple proteins

Question 21

What makes up conjugated proteins?

Answer 21

A protein and a nonprotein (referred to as “prothetic group”)

Question 22

Functions of proteins (8)

Answer 22

-Enzymes
-Hormones
-Transport
-Immunoglobulins
-Structural
-Storage
-Energy source
-Osmotic force

Question 23

Proteins that increase in quantity during inflammation

Answer 23

Positive acute phase proteins

Question 24

Proteins that decrease in quantity during inflammation

Answer 24

Negative acute phase proteins

Question 25

Positive acute phase proteins

Answer 25

-CRP -Complement -Fibrinogen -Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 -Alpha-2 macroglobulin -Ferritin -Ceruloplasmin -Haptoglobin -Alpha-1 Antiotrypsin

Question 26

Negative acute phase proteins

Answer 26

-Albumin -Transferrin -Transthyretin (pre-albumin) -Retinol-binding protein -Antithrombin -Transcortin

Question 27

_____ % of each protein is bound nitrogen

Answer 27

16%

Question 28

Where is does the breakdown of proteins primarily occur?

Answer 28

Liver

Question 29

What are the most frequently analyzed proteins?

Answer 29

Plasma/serum proteins

Question 30

What are the 2 main groups of proteins most frequently analyzed?

Answer 30

Albumin and globulins

Question 31

What are the 4 types of globulins?

Answer 31

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma

Question 32

What is the calculation for albumin?

Answer 32

Total Protein - globulins

Question 33

Another name for pre-albumin

Answer 33

Transthyretin

Question 34

Which protein serves as a transport protein for triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

Answer 34

Pre-albumin

Question 35

Which protein is critical in the transport of retinol (Vit A)?

Answer 35

Pre-albumin

Question 36

What could low values of Pre-albumin may indicate?

Answer 36

-Nutritional deficiency -Hepatic damage -Negative acute phase inflammatory response

Question 37

What could increased values of Pre-albumin indicate?

Answer 37

-Alcohol abuse -Steroid therapy -Chronic renal failure

Question 38

What is the most abundant (highest concentration) protein found in plasma/serum?

Answer 38

Albumin

Question 39

Reference range for Albumin

Answer 39

3.5 - 5.5 g/dL or 35 - 55 g/L

Question 40

What is albumins primary function?

Answer 40

Bind and transport various substances in blood

Question 41

What could decreased albumin values indicate?

Answer 41

-Negative acute phase inflammatory response -Liver &/or kidney disease -Malnutrition -Malabsorption

Question 42

What could increased albumin values indicate?

Answer 42

Most commonly: Dehydration