Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

name the quantitative defect of bone characterised by reduced bone mineral density and increased porosity (i.e. the bone is of normal quality, there is just not enough of it)

A

osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is there increased risk of in osteoporosis?

A

increased fracture risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

WHO defines osteoporosis when the bone density is ___ SD away from the mean

A

WHO defines osteoporosis when the bone density is 2.5 SD away from the mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

loss of bone density occurs at what age?

A

30 - gradual slowdown of osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who tends to lose more bone density and after what especially?

A

females - post menopause

increased osteoclastic activity as loss of oestrogen protective effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many types of osteoporosis are there? name them

A

2

type 1 - post-menopausal
type 2 - osteoporosis of old age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

risk factors of osteoporosis (post menopausal))?

A

smoking
alcohol
lack of exercise
poor diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of fractures are seen in osteoporosis?

A

colles fractures and vertebral insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis of old age?

A

chronic disease
inactivity
reduced sunlight exposure

smoking
alcohol
lack of exercise
poor diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
CKD
malignancy
RA
cushing's
hyperthyroidism
hyperparathyroidism

the above all cause what?

A

osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do you diagnose osteoporosis?

A

DEXA bone mineral density scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do you rebuild bone density in osteoporosis?

A

exercise
diet
sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pharmaceutical treatments of osteoporosis?

A

calcium and vitamin D supplements

biphosphonates (-ate)

desunomab

strontium

zoledronic acid is a once yearly IV bisphosphonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

___ is not recommended as a first line agent for the prevention of osteoporosis after the menopause however can be considered if side effects with other medications occur

A

HRT is not recommended as a first line agent for the prevention of osteoporosis after the menopause however can be considered if side effects with other medications occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what has the greatest evidence for efficacy, cost‐effectiveness and low side effect profile?

A

bisphosphonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a qualitative defect of bone with abnormal softening of the bone due to deficient mineralization of osteoid (immature bone) secondary to inadequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus

name the above disease

A

osteomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the same disease as osteomalacia but occurs in children which has subsequent effects on the growing skeleton

A

Rickett’s

18
Q

what causes osteomalacia and Rickett’s?

A

insufficient calcium

vitamin D deficiency

phosphonate deficiency

malnutrition
malabsorption
lack of sunlight
hypophosphateamia in re-feeding syndrome
alcohol abuse
long term anticonvulsant use and chronic kidney disease
19
Q

is osteomalacia and Rickett’s painful?

A

yes

20
Q

osteomalacia and Rickett’s clinical signs and symptoms?

A

deformities in Rickett’s
pathological fracture
hypocalcaemia symptoms such as fatigue seizures and brittle nails

21
Q

osteomalacia and Rickett’s on radiographs?

A

pseudo fractures - Looser’s zones

22
Q

bone biochemistry of osteomalacia and Rickett’s:

calcium
phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase

A

LOW calcium

LOW phosphatase

HIGH alkaline phosphatase

23
Q

osteomalacia and Rickett’s treatment?

A

vitamin D therapy

calcium and phosphate supplementation

24
Q

in hyperparathyroidism, there is high levels of what?

A

high PTH

25
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is due to what?

A

benign adenoma
hyperplasia
malignant neoplasia - rare

26
Q

high PTH causes what?

A

hypercalaemia - fatigue, depression, bone pain, myalgia, nausea, thirst, polyuria, renal stones, osteoporosis

27
Q

hyperparathyroidism biochemistry:

PTH
calcium
phosphate

A

HIGH PTH
HIGH calcium
LOW/NORMAL phosphate

28
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism is a physiological overproduction of PTH secondary to what?

A

hypocalcaemia caused by vitamin D deficiency or CKD

29
Q

tertiary hyperparathyroidism is seen in patients with what?

A

chronic secondary hyperparathyroidism (usually CKD) who develop an adenoma which will continue to produce PTH despite biochemical correction

30
Q

name the lytic lesions founder in hyperparathyroidism

A

Brown tumours

31
Q

hyperparathyroidism treatment?

A

adenomatous gland removal

vitamin D supplements

very high calcium = IV fluids, bisphosphonates and calcitonin

32
Q

what describes the typical bone changes due to CKD?

A

renal dystrophy

33
Q

name the chronic disease which results in thickened, brittle and mis‐shapen bones

A

Paget’s disease

lion face
triggered by infection or caused by genetics

34
Q

who does Paget’s disease affect?

A

the elderly

35
Q

Paget’s disease:

increased ___________ activity results in __________ bone turnover

A

Paget’s disease:

increased OSTEOCLAST activity results in INCREASED bone turnover

36
Q

other than osteoclasts, what else increases in their activity?

A

osteoblasts

form new bone however the new bone fails to remodel sufficiently and the resulting bone despite its increased thickness and bone density is brittle and can fracture easily

37
Q

Paget’s disease affecting the bones of the ear results in what type of hearing loss?

A

conductive deafness

38
Q

Paget’s disease biochemistry:

alkaline phosphatase
calcium
phosphate

A

HIGH alkaline phosphatase
NORMAL calcium
NORMAL phosphate

39
Q

Paget’s disease radiographic features?

A

enlarged bone with thickened cortices and coarse thickens trabecular in mixed areas with lysis and sclerosis

40
Q

Paget’s disease treatment?

A

bisphosphonates - which inhibit osteoclasts

calcitonin if extensive lytic disease

Joint replacement may be necessary and pathological femoral fractures should be stabilized with long intramedullary nails or plates

MSK (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions