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Endocrinology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What cell secretes insulin?

A

Beta pancreatic islet cell

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2
Q

What cell secretes glucagon?

A

Alpha pancreatic islet cell

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3
Q

What cell secretes somatostatin?

A

Delta pancreatic islet cell

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4
Q

Preproinsulin is cleaved to form insulin. True/false?

A

True

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5
Q

Give an example of ultra fast and ultra long-acting insulin preparations

A

Ultra fast - lispro

Ultra long-acting - glargine

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6
Q

When are lispro and glargine used?

A

Lispro - within 15 minutes of starting a meal

Glargine - before bed

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7
Q

Glucose enters beta cells through which transporter?

A

GLUT2

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8
Q

What phosphorylates glucose in beta cells?

A

Glucokinase

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9
Q

Outline the secretion of insulin

A

Glucose is phosphorylated leading to increased [ATP], which causes inhibition of K ATP channels. This causes cell membrane depolarisation and opening of Ca channels leading to release of insulin

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10
Q

At what blood glucose concentration do beta cells produce insulin?

A

Greater than 5mM

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11
Q

Why are there two releases of insulin?

A

As only 5% of total insulin is ready when calcium arrives, meaning a second release is needed

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12
Q

What proteins make up K ATP channels?

A

Kir6.2

SUR1

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13
Q

A mutation of what protein causes neonatal diabetes?

A

Kir6.2

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14
Q

Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is caused by a genetic defect in what?

A

Beta cell function

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15
Q

What happens in MODY?

A

Glucokinase activity is impaired and/or blood glucose threshold for insulin secretion is increased

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16
Q

What activates the catalytic activity of insulin receptors?

A

Insulin phosphorylating itself

17
Q

Mutations in insulin receptors can cause what conditions?

A

Donohue syndrome

Rabson Mendenhall syndrome

18
Q

What are some symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Vomiting
Dehydration
Increased heart rate
Breath smell

19
Q

What are ketone bodies formed from?

A

Acetyl-CoA when there is a limited supply of oxaloacetate

20
Q

How does insulin prevent build-up of ketone bodies?

A

As it stops fatty acids being oxidised to acetyl-CoA

Endocrinology (14 decks)

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