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Endocrinology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The diencephalon consists of what?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

The pituitary gland comes off what structure?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the pituitary?

A

Anterior

Posterior

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5
Q

The pituitary fossa belongs to which bone?

A

Sphenoid bone

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6
Q

Where does the pituitary fossa lie within?

A

Sella turcica

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7
Q

What are the halves of the retina?

A

Temporal and nasal

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8
Q

The optic chiasm is formed from?

A

Right and left optic nerves

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9
Q

The optic chiasm lies over which structure?

A

Pituitary gland

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10
Q

Light from the temporal/nasal retina will run cross the optic chiasm

A

Nasal

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11
Q

A pituitary tumour can causes what?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia - loss of temporal vision

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12
Q

What are the two main approaches for surgically accessing the pituitary fossa?

A

Transcranial (under frontal lobe)

Transsphenoidal (via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus)

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13
Q

What are the three types of conchae?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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14
Q

Name the four types of paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid sinuses

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15
Q

The transsphenoidal approach requires fracture of which structures?

A

Nasal septum

Septum and roof of sphenoid sinus(es)

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16
Q

What kind of fracture can provide access to the pituitary?

A

Le Fort I

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17
Q

CN III is the ___ nerve?

A

Oculomotor

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18
Q

CN IV is the ___ nerve?

A

Trochlear

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19
Q

CN V is the ___ nerve?

A

Trigeminal

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20
Q

CN VI is the ___ nerve

A

Abducent

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21
Q

What substance lines the entire cranial cavity internally?

A

Dura mater

22
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

A tough sheet of dura mater that tents over the cerebellum

23
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae?

A

A tough sheet of dura mater that forms a boundary between the pituitary gland and cranial fossa

24
Q

What drains venous blood from the cranial cavity into internal jugular veins?

A

Dural venous sinuses

25
Q

What connects the right and left cavernous sinuses to the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior intercavernous sinus

26
Q

Damage to the occulmotor nerve can cause?

A

Problems with eye movement and pupil dilation

27
Q

Damage to the trochlear nerve causes?

A

Problems with specific eye movements

28
Q

Damage to the trigeminal nerve causes?

A

Sensory facial symptoms and difficulty chewing

29
Q

Damage to the abducent nerve causes?

A

Problems with specific eye movements

30
Q

The thyroid gland consists of what?

A 
2 lobes (right and left)
Isthmus
31
Q

Where do the thyroid lobes attach to?

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages and trachea

32
Q

Where are the four parathyroid glands found?

A

Posterior surfaces of thyroid gland’s lateral lobes

33
Q

Where does a pyramidal lobe most commonly attach to?

A

Thyroid cartilage

34
Q

Embryologically, the thyroid gland develops from where?

A

Junction between anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

35
Q

The thyroid gland migrates where?

A

Inferiorly via thyroglossal duct

36
Q

Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?

A

Platysma muscles

37
Q

What are the fascial compartments of the neck?

A

Pretracheal fascia
2 carotid sheaths
Investing fascia
Prevertebral fascia

38
Q

What is contained within the pretracheal fascia?

A

Oeseophagus
Trachea
Thyroid gland

39
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheaths?

A

Vagus nerves
Carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein

40
Q

What is contained within the investing fascia?

A

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

41
Q

What is contained within the prevertebral fascia?

A

Cervical vertebra

42
Q

The carotid sheaths are found where in the neck?

A

Anterolaterally either side of the thyroid

43
Q

The blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands come from which arteries?

A 
Superior thyroid (branch of external carotid)
Inferior thyroid (branch of thyrocervical trunk)
44
Q

What drains the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

45
Q

What lymph nodes does lymph from thyroid and parathyroid glands drain into?

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes

46
Q

What are types of surgery performed on the thyroid?

A

Thyroidectomy

Endoscopic trans-axillary/breast approach

47
Q

In classic thyroidectomy, where is the incision made?

A

Superior to clavicles and jugular notch

48
Q

Unilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?

A

Hoarseness and weak cough

49
Q

Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?

A

Aphonia (inability to produce sound)
Inability to close rima glottidis
Inability to produce cough

50
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

Endocrinology (14 decks)

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