Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 5 Material > Biochem - Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Biochem - Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main differences between vitamins and carbs/fats/proteins? Similarities?

A 
Vitamins:
Individual units
Not linked together
No energy yielded 
Measured in micrograms or mg rather than g

Both:
Essential
Organic
available from foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are precursors or provitamins?

A

Inactive forms of vitamins

Converted to active form in the body
-ex: beta carotene to vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do B vitamins do?

A

Help the body use macronutrients for fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Coenzymes of B vitamins
Energy release
AA metabolism
Help cells to multiply

A 
Energy release:
Thiamin
Riboflavin 
Niacin 
Pantothenic acid
Biotin

AA metabolism:
B6

Help cells to multiply:
Folate
B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thiamin is a part of which coenzyme?

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate

TPP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) helps in 2 processes:

A
  1. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
    • removes C
  2. TCA cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false: nerve and muscle activity depend on Thiamin.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Beriberi

A

Dry- nervous system
Muscle weakness

Wet- cardiovascular system
Dilated blood vessels, heart works harder
Kidneys retain salt and water = edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

Symptoms

A

Mental confusion
Ataxia
Ophthalmoplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Toxic levels of Thiamin? Upper limit?

A

No adverse effects

No UL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Riboflavin sources

A

Milk
Whole grain
Dark green vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are FMN and FAD?

A

Coenzyme forms of Riboflavin

Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin adenine dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Deficiencies in riboflavin cause:

A

Inflammation of membranes

  • mouth
  • skin
  • eyes
  • GI tract

Ariboflavinosis

  • sore throat
  • cracks/redness at corner of mouth
  • painful, smooth, purplish red tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Riboflavin is destroyed by

A

UV light
Irradiation

So it is not stored in clear glass bottles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Niacin chemical structures

A

Nicotinic acid

Nicotinamide (niacinamide)
- major form found in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Coenzyme forms of Niacin

A

NAD

NADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Niacin can be synthesized in the body, true or false?

A

True

60mg of tryptophan will make 1 mg of niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Deficiency of Niacin

A

Pellagra

The four Ds

Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How to estimate niacin equivalents

A

1 mg of niacin and 60 mg of Trp
Provides
2 mg of niacin or 2NE

We assume dietary protein is 1% Trp

20
Q

Niacin toxicity

A

Dilated capillaries

Painful tingling sensation

21
Q

Biotin carries activated __

A

CO2

  • critical for TCA cycle
  • gluconeogenesis
  • fatty acid synthesis
  • breakdown of fatty acids and AAs
22
Q

Deficiencies in Biotin symptoms

A

Not common because it is widespread in food and GI tract bacteria can make SOME biotin

Skin rash
Hair loss
Neurological impairment

23
Q

Raw egg whites contain a protein called ___ that interferes with ___

A

Avidin

Biotin absorption
Because it binds biotin

24
Q

Possible benefits of nicotinic acid in large doses

A

Lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides

Raise HDL

25
Q

Pantothenic acid
Part of?
Found in?

A

Part of coenzyme A

Widespread in food
-beef, poultry, whole grains, potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli

26
Q

How can pantothenic acid be destroyed?

Deficiencies?

A

Freezing, canning, refining processes

Burning feet syndrome of WWII prisoners in Asia
-usually females, at night

27
Q

Forms of Vitamin B6

A
  1. Pyridoxal
  2. Pyridoxine
  3. Pyridoxamine

All 3 concerts coenzyme to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

28
Q

Where is B6 found and stored?

A

Exclusively in muscle tissue

Food sources:
Meats
Fish
Poultry
Potatoes
Vegetables
Fruit
29
Q

B6 deficiency (other symptoms)

A

Increased risk of some cancers and cardiovascular diseases

Depression
Confusion
Convulsions
Abnormal brain wave patterns

30
Q

B6 toxicity

A

Neurological damage in >2 grams daily for 2 months or more

31
Q

Folate is also known as ?

Coenzyme form?

A

Folacin

Folic acid

Chemical name : PGA - pteroylglutamic acid

Coenzyme form is THF - tetrahydrofolate and DHF - dihydrofolate

32
Q

Which coenzyme of vitamin B do you need more of during pregnancy?

A

Folate

33
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Neural tube defects
Congenital birth defects
anemia

34
Q

Which two coenzymes of vitamin B activate each other?

A

Folate and B12

*synthesis of DNA and RNA

35
Q

Which coenzyme of vitamin B contains cobalt?

A

B12

36
Q

Dietary folate equivalents

A

Multiple micrograms consumed by 1.7

37
Q

Sources of B12

A

Animal products

  • fish
  • milk
38
Q

Choline is manufactured from __ in the body

A

Methionine

NOT a vitamin

39
Q

Common sources of choline

A

*essential nutrient

Milk
Eggs
Peanuts
Part of lecithin

40
Q

Choline deficiencies symptoms

A 
Body odor
Sweating
Salivation
Reduced growth rate
Low BP
Liver damage
41
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B complex

C

42
Q

Vitamin C - antioxidant properties

A

Defends against free radicals
Protects tissue from oxidative stress
Enhances iron absorption

43
Q

Active forms of Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid

44
Q

Vitamin C is a cofactor in ___

A

Collagen formation

Hydroxylation of carnitine

Making hormones

Conversion of:
Trp to serotonin
Tyr to norepinephrine

45
Q

Other roles of vitamin C

A

Prevention and treatment of the common cold

46
Q

Stress (increases/decreases) vitamin C needs. What else does this?

A

Increases

Adrenal glands release vitamin C and hormones into blood

Smoking also increases the need

47
Q

Vitamin C deficiencies

A

Scurvy

Bleeding gums
Capillaries under skin break spontaneously
Pinpoint hemorrhages

Block 5 Material (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions