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Block 5 Material > Biochem - Minerals And Supplements > Flashcards

Biochem - Minerals And Supplements Flashcards

1
Q

Inorganic elements cannot be destroyed by __

A

Heat
Air
Acid
Mixing

*they ALWAYS maintain their chemical identity

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2
Q

One of the ways the kidneys regulate acid-base balance is by __

A

Excreting H+ in exchange for Na+

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3
Q

High salt correlates with increased __ excretion, which leads to __

A

Ca++

Bone loss/osteoporosis

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4
Q

Is chloride an essential nutrient?

What does it help maintain?

A

Yes

Fluid and electrolyte balance

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5
Q

Diets low in K raise __

A

BP

Risk of stroke
Kidney stones
Muscle weakness
Glucose intolerance

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6
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in your body?

A

Calcium

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7
Q

Calcium disease prevention

A 
Hypertension 
Blood cholesterol 
Diabetes
Colon cancer
Obesity
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8
Q

Major minerals, in order of prevalence in the body

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
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9
Q

Trace minerals in the body

A 
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Iodine
Selenium
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10
Q

Calcitonin inhibits __
Is signaled by __
Is secreted by __

A
  1. Activation of vitamin D
  2. Calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
  3. Limits Calcium absorption in the intestines
  4. Osteoclast cells
  • all of these lower blood calcium levels
  • signaled by rising blood calcium
  • secreted by the thyroid gland
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11
Q

Falling blood calcium signals __

A

The parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone

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12
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates ___

A
  1. Activation of Vitamin D
  2. Calcium reabsorption in the kidney
  3. Osteoclast cells to break down bone and release calcium
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13
Q

Vitamin D stimulates ___

A
  1. Calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
  2. Calcium absorption in the intestines
  3. Osteoclast cells
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14
Q

True or false: sodium deficiency is caused by inadequate intake of sodium

A

False

Too much water
Hyponatremia

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15
Q

Roles of phosphorus in the body

A
  1. Part of major buffer system, DNA and RNA
  2. Part of energy metabolism
  3. Part of enzyme activation
  4. Part of cell membranes and helps in lipid transport
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16
Q

Roles of magnesium in the body

A
  1. Maintains bone health
  2. Catalyst in ATP production
  3. Inhibits muscle contraction
  4. Inhibits blood clotting
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17
Q

Roles of iron in the body

A
  1. Cofactor in redox rxns
  2. Part of electron carriers
  3. Hemoglobin and myoglobin
18
Q

Iron switches back and forth between __

A

Ferrous iron and ferric iron

Fe++ and Fe+++

19
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Iron storage in small intestine

20
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Iron transport protein

21
Q

Absorption enhancers for nonheme iron

A

MFP
Vitamin C
Some acids and sugars

22
Q

Heme vs nonheme iron (%)

A

Heme iron accounts for 10% of the average daily intake

23
Q

All iron derived from plants is ___

A

Nonheme iron

Animals:
40% is heme
60% is nonheme

24
Q

Factors that inhibit iron absorption

A

Phytates
Calcium
Polyphenols
Individual variations

25
Q

What is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide?

A

Iron

26
Q

What is anemia?

A

Severe depletion of iron stores

-low hemoglobin concentrations

27
Q

In iron deficiency, blood cells are __

A

Smaller

28
Q

What is hereditary hemochromatosis?

Causes?

Symptoms?

A

Genetic failure to control iron absorption
Deficiency or resistance of hepcidin
Iron overload

Causes: frequent blood transfusions, supplements

Apathy, lethargy, fatigue

29
Q

Where are the highest concentrations of zinc found in the body?

A

Muscle

Bone

30
Q

Roles of zinc in the body

A
  1. Stabilizes cell membranes and DNA
  2. Supports proteins
  3. Synthesis, storage, and release of insulin from pancreas
  4. Interacts with platelets in blood clotting
  5. Thyroid Hormone function
  6. Needed to produce the active form of Vitamin A
31
Q

What 2 proteins are required for transport of zinc in the blood?

A

Albumin

Transferrin

32
Q

GI tract concerts iodine in food to __

A

Iodide

33
Q

Roles of iodine in the body

A

Part of Thyroid hormones

34
Q

What is goiter?

A

When thyroid cells expand

Due to iodine

35
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Extreme irreversible metal and physical retardation

36
Q

What is goitrogen?

A

Antithyroid substance

Preventable mental retardation and brain damage

37
Q

Roles of selenium in the body

A

Antioxidant
Part of proteins
-substitute for sulfur in some AAs

38
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Keshan disease

  • heart disease
  • china
39
Q

What is Menkes disease?

A

Intestinal cells absorb copper but cannot release it into circulation

Too much copper

40
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Copper accumulates in the liver and the brain

41
Q

Manganese toxicity

A

Miners
Inhalation
Brain disease

42
Q

Fluoride toxicity

A

Fluorosis

Stains

Block 5 Material (17 decks)

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