Biochem Flashcards
________ is an isomer of citrate; (Citrate->Isocitrate)
Aconitase
Dementia, dermatitism diarrhea and death are associated with ______________
Pellegra; Associated with the 4 D’s
____________ is associated with a vitamin B1 deficiency
Beriberi
__________ is associated with steroid hormones
Cholesterol
+RNA is an __________
Anticodon
_____ is associated with the amount of substrate required
Km
Sugar associated with ATP
Ribose
Billary atresia is associated with ________
Vitamin D
biliary atresia occurs in infants when the bile cannot flow into the intestine, so it builds up in the liver and damages it. This can cause jaundice and it can lead to liver failure.
Unable to breakdown Valine leads to ___________
Maple Syrup urine deficiency
A lilac colored rash around the eyes and mouth is associated with _________
Copper
___________ is derived from Testosterone
Estradiol
Rash around the nose and lips is associated with ________
Zinc
Citrate is an ________
Inhibitor/activator
_________ has multiple isoenzymes in the human body
Creatine kinase
Cretinism is due to ________
Iodine deficiency
___________ is a co-factor in Factor-2 (Prothrombin)
Vitamin K
Which amino acid does not exist in a L or D formation?
Glycine
Branched Chain Amino Acids
“LIV”
-Leucine
-Isoleucine
-Valine
Phenylalanine can be converted to __________
Tyrosine
PKU (Phenyl Ketone Urea) is a ________ Disease
Metabolic
___________ begins the translation process
Methionine
Tyrosine is a precursor to:
L-Dopa (Dopamine), Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Melanin (Skin Pigment)
Tyrosinase is the precursor that changes tyrosine into _____
L-Dopa
Tryptophan is the precursor for:
Serotonin and Niacin
Niacin is the precursor for:
NAD+, NADP+
_________ is the peptide bond for proteins and amino acids
Peptidyl Transferase
Serotonin is a AA precursor for:
Tryptophan
Histamine is an AA precursor for:
Histidine
Sulfur containing AAs
Methionine, cysteine
Amino aids with an aromatic “ring”
Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine
Primary protein structure
Linear sequence of AAs
Secondary Structure of Protein*
Alpha-helices, and Beta-pleated sheaths
Tertiary Structure of Protein
-Single polypeptide, which folds to form globular proteins
-Ex. Myoglobin
Quaternary structure of protein
Multiple polypeptides coming together
-Ex. Hemoglobin
Enzymes: _____ rate of a reaction & _____ activation energy
Increase; Decrease
Km
Substrate concentration
Decreased km leads to ______ affinity b/w enzyme and substrate
High
Competitive inhibitors bind to:
The active site
Non-competitive inhibitors binds to:
Something other than the active site (change activity of enzyme)
Allosteric enzymes have a ________ curve
Sigmoidal
Transferases are _________ and Add/Remove _______
Kinases; Phosphate
-ATP->ADP + PI
-ADP + PI->ATP
Ligases are _____ and Add ________
Carboxylase; CO2
Lyase is a _______; Removes ______
Decarboxylase; CO2
ATP->ADP + PI is an example of a _______
Transferase
Pyruvate Carboxylase (Pyruvate + CO2->Oxaloacetate) is an example of a _______ and is important in __________
Ligase; Glyconeogenesis
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Acetyl CoA + CO2 ->Malonyl CoA) is an example of a _______ and is an important reaction in ________
Ligase; Fat Synthesis
What coenzyme is needed for AA transferase and GPT
Vitamin B6
(Pyrodoxine)
High GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) is associated with:
Liver damage
Coenzyme for Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
Biotin
(Vitamin B7)
The Alanine Shuttle is important for moving _______ from the _______ to _______
Nitrogen; Muscle; Liver
What vitamin is important for hydroxylation & collagen formation
Vitamin C
What is Vitamin B1 also called?
Thiamine
The active form of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
TPP (Thiamine pyrophosphate)
Thiamine creates a ________ Reaction
Oxidative/decaroxylation
A deficiency in Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) is associated with:
Beri Beri
Vitamin B2 is also known as
Riboflavin
Active forms of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
FAD, FADH2, FMN/FMNH2
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is a _________ reaction
Oxidation reduction
Vitamin B3 is also known as
Niacin
The active forms of Niacin include:
NAD+/NADH & NADP/NADPH
Niacin is an _______ reaction
Oxidation reduction
A Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency is associated with:
Pellegra
Vitamin B5 is also known as:
Pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid is a ______ reaction
Coenzyme A
Vitamin B6 is also known as:
Pyridoxine
The active form of pyroxidine is
Pyridoxal phosphate
Pyroxidine is a _______ Reaction
Transamination*
Biotin is a ______ reaction
Carboxylation
Vitamin C is also known as _______
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C is a ____ reaction
Collagen
Name the fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
Match the fat-soluble vitamin with it’s function/deficiency: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
1. Vision; Night Blindness
2. Lipid Antioxidant; “Possible” anemia, sterility
3. Blood clotting/Thrombin formation; Clotting disorders
4. Calcium/Phosphate Levels; Osteomalacia/Ricketts
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin D
Which two vitamins are involved in keeping RBCs together?
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Which vitamins are considered to be antioxidants?
“ACES”
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Selenium
Which monosaccharide is the only pentose (5C)?
Ribose (aldopentose)
Every monosaccharide is a aldehyde, EXCEPT:
Fructose (Ketohexose)
Name the pairings of an RNA molecule?
A-U*, G-C
Insulin functions to _____ blood glucose:
Increase
Insulin stimulates _______ pathways, which include:
Anabolic; Glycogen synthesis & fatty acid synthesis
Glucagon ______ blood glucose and stimulates ______ pathways, including:
Decreases; Catabolic; Fat and glycogen breakdown
Fat breakdown is stimulated by which neurotransmitter:
Epinephrine
Glucose + Fructose =
Sucrose
Name the two plant starches:
Amylose & amylopectin
An aldehyde always starts at carbon ___, whereas a ketone always starts at carbon ___
1;2
C2 epimers
Glucose & mannose
Monomers
Glucose + Fructose
Lecithin is also called
Phosphatidylcholine
-Crucial in the prevention of liver disease
Essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid, arachadonic acid, linolenic acid
End product of fatty acid synthesis
Malonyl CoA
Cholesterol is the precursor to ______ hormones
Steroid
Steroids are _____ soluble
Fat
Polypeptide hormones
Insulin & glucagon
Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol
HMG CoA reductase
DNA nitrogenous pairings
A-T, G-C
“At The Golf Course”
A nucleocide contains a:
Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base
A nucleotide contains a:
Phosphate group
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
Animal starch (stored in liver & muscle)
Glycogen
What is the primary fat that we ingest?
Triglycerols
Precursor molecules of cholesterol
“MASH”
-Mevalonate, Acetyl CoA, Squalene, HMG CoA
Which lipoprotein is associated with dietary fat transport, from intestinal mucosa?
Chylomicrons
Which lipoprotein transports endogenous lipids from the liver to body and has the lowest % of protein?
VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein)
Which Lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to the body?
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Which lipoprotein removes excess “free” cholesterol from the blood?
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
Enzymes are _________ comprised of _________ together in one or more polypeptide chains
proteins; amino acids
Amino acids are all in L-form, EXCEPT:
Glycine
______ determines AA function
R group/side chain structure
Name the Essential Amino Acids
PVT TIM HALL
-Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine
Which essential amino acid is only essential in a child
Methionine
Purely ketogenic amino acids
Lycine and Leucine
“Lucy Lies to get the keys’
Precursor to carnitine*
Lysine
_______ take FA into mitochondira for B-oxidation
Carnitine
“Drives car in”
Aromatic amino acids
Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan
“Your pal Tyrone will Tryp you in the ring”
Tryptophan has a ________ ring
Indole
Sulfur-containing amino acids
Cysteine, methionine, cystine (2 cysteine)
“To be an MCC, you have to have soul”
Insulin is composed of ______ bonds
Disulfide
Components of an amino acid
-Central alpha carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl group, amine group, R-group
_________ does not contain a chiral carbon
Glycine
Acidic amino acids
Aspartate and Glutamate
“A City of Ass and Glutes”
________ contains aspartic acid, which in excess can be neurotoxic
Aspartame
Basic amino acids
Histidine, Arginine, Lysine
“HAL lives on a base”
Complete proteins are derived from _______; Incomplete proteins are derived from _______
Animals; Plants
Condition as a result of the inability to convert L-dopa into melanin?
Albinism
Precursor of T3,T4
Tyrosine
Tripeptide of Glycine + Glutamate + Cysteine
Glutathione
Mineral for enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase
Selenium
Anti-oxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide
Glutathione peroxidase
2 polypeptide chains linked by a disulfide bond
Insulin
Catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
“Ine”
Steroids
Testosterone, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone
“..ones”
Catecholamines are made in the _______
Adrenal medulla
G+ is a reaction that is _________ & considered ________
Non-spontaneous/unfavorable; Endogenic
“Bad Date”: Lots of energy/nothing in return
G- reaction is a reaction that is ______ & considered _____
Spontaneous/favorable; Exogenic
“Good Date”: No energy/lots in return
Deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase
PKU
Km is a measure of:
Substate affinity
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is associated with a deficiency in which vitamin?
B1
Cheilosis is caused by a deficiency in which vitamin?
B2 (Riboflavin)
Megaloblastic anermia is associated in a deficiency in which vitamin?
Folic Acid (B9)
Folic acid involves a ______ reaction
Methylation
Pernicious anemia & posterolateral sclerosis (combined systems disease) are caused by a deficiency of:
Cobalamin (B12)
*Also megaloblastic anemia
Reaction of Ascorbic acid
-Hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen; enhances iron absorption
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of:
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Which vitamin deficiency is associated with fragile blood vessels?
Vitamin C
1 FAD/FADH = ___ ATP
2
1 NAD/NADH = ___ ATP
3
Deficiency of _______ = Neural Tube Defect
Folic Acid
Which Fat soluble vitamin is associated with retinal/retinoic acid?
A. Vit A
B. Vit D
C. Vit E
D. Vit K
A. Vit A
Alpha-tocopherol is the active form of what fat soluble vitamin?
A. Vit A
B. Vit D
C. Vit E
D. Vit K
C. Vit E
Which fat soluble vitamin is a precursor to coenzyme Q?
Vitamin K
Which mineral is a glucose tolerance factor?
Chromium (Cr)
Which mineral is a constituent of B12?
Cobalt (Co)
Which mineral is an antioxidant?
Selenium (Se)
A deficiency in this mineral can lead to impaired wound healing?
Zinc (Zn)
Which mineral increases the hardness of teeth?
Fluoride (F)
Name the B Vitamins
“Tall Rich Nudists Play Pickle Ball For Centuries”
-Thiamine (B1),
- Riboflavin (B2),
- Niacin (B3),
- Pantothenate (B5) ,
- Pyridoxine (B6),
- Biotin (B7),
- Folic Acid (B9),
- Cobalomine (B12)
Vitamin ____ leads to increased Serum Calcium
D
Coenzyme Q and Cytochrome C are associated with:
Electron Transport Chain
During the methylation cycle, ____ gives a methyl group to ___
B9; B12
What is needed for vitamin D synthesis?
UV light
The rate-limiting enzyme in the kidney during vitamin D synthesis is:
1-alpha-hydroxylase
The active form of vitamin D is:
1,25 dihydroxycalciferol (vitamin D3)
Most active form of iron
Ferric (Fe3+)
Most absorbable form of iron
Ferrous (Fe2+)
“2 people on the ferris wheel”
Ferritin is used for:
Storage
Transferrin is important for:
Transferring
______ increases serum calcium
PTH
_______ decreases serum calcium
Calcitonin
The smallest portion of a carb is called a:
Monosaccharide
Different compounds with the same chemical formula
Isomers
Monosaccharide isomers
Glucose, fructose & galactose
C4 epimers
Glucose & galactose
C2 epimers
Glucose & mannose
Glucose + glucose (a1,6)
Isomaltose
Glucose + glucose (B1,4)
Cellobiose (cannot be broken down)
Glycogen contains ____ & ____ linkages
1,4; 1,6
The _____ linkage is the branch point of glycogen
Alpha 1,6
The most highly branched polysaccharide is
Glycogen
The most common GAGs are:
Hyaluronic acid & Chondroitin sulfate
_______ bonds are the characteristic of fats
Ester
Triacylglycerolds have ___ fatty acids, a ________ backbone and a ______ bond
3; glycerol; ester
Which source provides the highest calories/gram
Fat (9 calories/gram)
________ fatty acids contain double bonds
Unsaturated
Oxidation involves the ______ of e- or hydrogen; Reduction involves the _____ of e- or hydrogen
Loss; Gain
“OIL RIG”
Match these fatty acids with where their double bond is located: Omega-6 or Omega-3
- Linoleic
- Linolenic
- Arachadonic Acid
- Omega-6
- Omega-3
- Omega-6
Arachadonic acid is the precursor to:
Prostaglandins
Pg.14
_________ are major components of membrane lipids
Phospholipids
Cholesterol is derived from:
Acetyl CoA
Rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
HMG-CoA reductase converts:
HMG CoA->Mevalonate
Rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis
Desmolase
Synthesized and secreted from the Liver
VLDL
Rate limiting enzyme of purine breakdown
Xanthine oxidase
Nucelosides are
Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
Nucleotides
Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate
________ bonds are both in DNA and RNA
Phosphodiester
The enzyme ________ links two amino acids together and begins the synthesis of a polypeptide chain
Peptidyl transferase
What vitamins are utilized in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
B1, B2, B3, B5
