Bio40B Lecture Final Flashcards by Ricardo Moreno

Some structures in both the upper and
lower respiratory tracts serve as sites
for gas diffusion. T/F?

B) False

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Which of the following is paired
correctly?
a) external nose: communicates directly with
pharynx
b) external nose: adds resonance
c) external nose: communicates with
nasolacrimal ducts
d) internal nose: includes the frontal bone and
nasal bones

B) external nose: adds resonance

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The pseudostratified ciliated squamous
epithelium found in the laryngopharynx
helps moisten air as it passes over that
structure. T/F?

B)False

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As the bronchial tree branches from
bronchi to bronchioles, cartilage
decreases while smooth muscle
increases. T/F?

A) True

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Which of the following statements is
NOT correct?
• a) The lungs are located in the mediastinum.
• b) Air normally fills the pleural cavity.
• c) The visceral pleura covers the lungs.
• d) The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
• e) The parietal and visceral pleura are
separated by the pleural cavity.
A small volume of fluid fills the pelural cavity

b) Air normally fills the pleural cavity

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Which of the following muscles
contract during quiet exhalation?
a) diaphragm
b) internal intercostal muscles
c) abdominal muscles
d) all of these choices contract during quiet
exhalation
e) none of these choices contract during quiet
exhalation

E) none of these choices contract during quiet exhalation

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In external respiration __________,
while __________ occurs in internal
respiration.
a) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries;
carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the
alveoli.
b) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries;
oxygen moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.
c) carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary
capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries
to the alveoli.
d) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries;
oxygen moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
e) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries;
carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic
capillaries.

e) Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.

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These are cells of the alveoli that
produce surfactant.
a) Type I alveolar cells
b) Type II alveolar cells
c) Type III alveolar cells
d) Surface cells

B) Type II alveolar cells

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In the medullary rhythmicity area, the
inspiratory area establishes the basic
rhythm of quiet breathing, while the
expiratory area remains inactive. T/F?

A) True

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The abrupt increase in ventilation seen
during fear or pain is due in part to
a) motor impulses from the primary motor
cortex.
b) slightly decreased oxygen partial pressure.
c) slightly increased carbon dioxide partial
pressure.
d) increased temperature.
e) lactic acid production.

A) motor impulses from the primary motor cortex

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Age-related changes in the respiratory system may cause
1. a decrease in vital capacity of as much as 35% by age 70 due to
decreased tissue elasticity.
2. an increased incidence of pneumonia
and bronchitis because of decreased alveolar macrophage activity
and ciliary action in the respiratory tract.
3. an increase in tidal
volume due to damage to alveoli and decreased surfactant
production.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2 are correct
e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

D) 1 and 2 are correct

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The visceral layer of the serous
pericardium:
a) is fused to the fibrous pericardium
b) is the fluid that offers protection to the
heart
c) is the outer layer of the heart
d) is a tough, inelastic layer that anchors the
heart in the mediastinum
e) is also called the pericardial cavity

C) is the outer layer of the heart

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Which of the following is not a
component of the internal heart?
a) papillary muscle
b) chordae tendineae
c) interventricular septum
d) pectinate muscle
e) left auricle

E) Left auricle

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Both atria receive blood from all of the
following except:
a) pulmonary veins
b) superior vena cava
c) coronary sinus
d) inferior vena cava
e) all of these choices supply blood to the atria

E) all of these choices supply blood to the atria.

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The thickest wall in the heart due to its
increased work load is the:
a) left atrium
b) right ventricle
c) interventricular septum
d) left ventricle
e) right atrium

d) left ventrilcle

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Which of the following is the correct
pathway of blood starting at the right
atrium?
a) right atrium, left atrium, left ventricle, right
ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta
b) right atrium, aorta, left ventricle, left atrium,
pulmonary trunk, right ventricle, pulmonary veins
c) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk,
pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
d) right atrium, pulmonary trunk, left atrium, left
ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta, right ventricle

C) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

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When comparing cardiac muscle tissue
to skeletal muscle tissue, which
statement is true?
a) both cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers are
voluntary
b) skeletal muscle fibers are connected by
intercalated discs
c) both types of fibers are striated
d) skeletal muscle fibers are shorter
e) there are more mitochondria in skeletal
muscle fibers

C) both types of fibers are striated

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Which wave is matched correctly with
the heart’s activity?
a) QRS complex – atrial repolarization
b) P wave – atrial depolarization
c) T wave – ventricular depolarization
d) S-T segment – the ventricles are repolarized

B) P wave-atrial depolarization

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What is occurring during isovolumetric
contraction?
a) the amount of blood in each atria is the same
b) the semilunar valves are open and the AV
valves are closed
c) the point at which all blood has been ejected
from the ventricles
d) all four valves are closed
e) both atria are ejecting blood at the same time

D) all four valves are closed

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Which statement is not true regarding
heart sounds?
a) S3 occurs during ventricular filling
b) S2 is louder and a little longer than the first
sound
c) S1 is caused by closing of the AV valves
d) the second sound is due to the SL valves
closing

B) S2 is louder and a little longer than the first sound

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The amount of blood ejected from
either ventricle every minute is called:
a) stroke volume
b) end-diastolic volume
c) afterload
d) cardiac output
e) heart rate

D) Cardiac output

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The Frank-Starling law of the heart
states:
a) the lower the preload on the heart the greater the
force of contraction
b) the faster the heart rate the greater the volume of
blood pumped
c) the greater the afterload the lower the pressure
that must be overcome
d) the more the heart is stretched pre-contraction
the stronger the force of contraction
e) the greater the stroke volume the greater the
heart rate

D) the more the heart is stretched pre-contraction the stronger the force of contraction

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The cardiac reserve would be lower in
a well-trained athlete than a sedentary
individual. T/F?

B) False

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Which of the following statements is
false in reference to heart regulation?
a) at rest, parasympathetic stimulation
predominates
b) baroreceptors measure the amount of
sodium ions present in the blood
c) sympathetic stimulation triggers the release
of norepinephrine
d) the movement of limbs is monitored by
proprioceptors
e) parasympathetic fibers travel via the vagus
nerve

B) baroreceptors measure the amount of sodium ions present in the blood

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Resting cardiac output (CO) in a well conditioned athlete is about the same as in a healthy untrained person. T/F?

A) True

``` The first functional organ to develop in the embryo is the: a) lungs b) liver c) heart d) urinary bladder e) small intestine ```

C) Heart

``` Which is a true statement? a) elastic arteries are also known as distributing arteries b) muscular arteries act as a pressure reservoir c) an example of a muscular artery is the brachial artery d) elastic arteries are medium-sized arteries e) elastic arteries have greater vasoconstriction abilities ```

C) an example of a muscular artery is the brachial artery

``` Which is not a feature of the capillaries? a) are located near almost every cell in the body b) connect arterioles to veins c) smallest of all vessels d) are absent in the cornea e) consist of a single layer of cells in their walls ```

B) connect arterioles to veins

``` The largest blood reservoir when the body is at rest is found in the: a) pulmonary blood vessels b) arterioles c) arteries d) heart e) veins ```

E) Veins

Collateral circulation is due to | anastomoses. T/F?

A) True

Edema is defined as the excess volume | of blood in the capillaries.T/F?

B) False

Which statement is not true of the hemodynamics of blood flow? a) systolic blood pressure is the highest pressure in an artery b) an increase in lumen size increases blood flow c) total peripheral resistance is controlled by the arterioles d) a decrease in lumen diameter decreases blood pressure e) diastole is the interval between heart beats

D) a decrease in lumen diameter decreases blood pressure

``` Which of the following is not considered a factor in vascular resistance? a) the length of a vessel b) the viscosity of blood c) the pH of the blood d) the size of the internal diameter of a vessel e) brain stem control of peripheral resistance ```

C) the pH of the blood

Which statement is not true of venous return to the heart? a) when standing, the proximal and distal valves in the leg are open b) the respiratory pump increase venous return to the left atrium c) milking refers to contraction of the calf muscles to increase venous return d) venous return is generated by contraction of the left ventricle

C) milking refers to contraction of the calf muscles to increase venous return

Which of the following is not true? a) the cavities in the temporal bone are called carotid sinuses b) the carotid sinus reflex regulates blood flow to the brain c) the vagus nerve communicates vessel pressure information to the brain d) quickly standing up reduces blood pressure to the brain e) baroreceptors sense changes in vessel pressure

A) the cavities in the temporal bone are called carotid sinuses

``` Chemoreceptors are associated with all of the following except: a) detecting hypercapnia b) located near the proprioceptors c) detecting hypoxia d) are found in the carotid bodies e) providing input to the respiratory center ```

B) Located near the proprioceptors

``` Which of the following pulse locations do not match correctly? a) femoral artery – inferior to inguinal ligament b) radial artery – within the axilla c) dorsal pedis artery – top of the foot d) common carotid artery – base of the neck e) popliteal artery – back of the knee ```

B) radial artery-within the axilla

``` A well-trained athlete would have a slow heart rate called: a) bradykinesia b) tachycardia c) dyspnea d) bradycardia e) pulse pressure ```

D) Bradycardia

``` Which of the following is not one of the negative feedback systems that respond to hypovolemic shock? a) increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine b) release of vasodilators c) release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland d) release of antidiuretic hormone e) release of renin from the kidneys ```

B) release of vasodilators

``` Which type of shock is caused by inappropriate dilation of the small vessels? 1. anaphylactic shock 2. hypovolemic shock 3. obstructive shock 4. septic shock a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 4 ```

E) 1 and 4

Which vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein? a) inferior vena cava and right colic vein b) splenic and left colic veins c) superior mesenteric and splenic veins d) inferior and superior mesenteric veins e) splenic and pancreatic veins

C) superior mesenteric and splenic veins

Which statement does not describe pulmonary circulation? a) the pulmonary trunk emerges from the right ventricle b) the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium c) pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lungs d) the aveoli are surrounded by capillaries e) there are four pulmonary veins

C) pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lungs

``` The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called a) re-absorption. b) filtration. c) bulk flow. d) osmosis ```

B) Filtration

The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels per minute is called a) stroke volume. b) tidal volume. c) cardiac output. d) cardiac reserve. e) total peripheral resistance.

C) Cardiac output

Blood plasma and interstitial fluid are both | components of the extracellular fluid. T/F?

A) True

Which of the following is not true of blood in its transporting role? a) carries nutrients to cells from the gastrointestinal tract b) carries oxygen from the cells to the lungs c) transports hormones from glands to other parts of the body d) carries waste products for elimination e) all of these choices are true

B) Carries oxygen from the cells to the lungs

``` What is the volume of blood in an average adult male? a) 5 to 6 quarts b) 5 to 6 gallons c) a little less than 1 gallon d) 5 to 6 liters ```

D) 5 to 6 Liters

Which statement about blood is not true? a) blood plasma is an extracellular matrix b) about 10% of the formed elements are red blood cells c) blood plasma is over 90% water d) most of the proteins found in blood are made in the liver e) 55% of the blood is made up of blood plasma

B) about 10% of the formed elements are red blood cells

``` One of the following is not a formed element found in blood. a) lymphocyte b) red blood cell c) platelet d) white blood cell e) all the above are formed elements ```

E) all of the above are formed elements

Which of the following statements is false? a) hematocrit is the ratio of red blood cells found in the blood b) polycythemia is indicated if the hematocrit is exceptionally high c) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are whole cells found in blood d) a monocyte is a type of white blood cell e) anemia may be present if there is an abnormally low number of RBCs

C) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are whole cells found in blood

A hemopoietic growth factor: a) is a hormone that regulates bone growth b) stimulates absorption of nutrients in the small intestine c) is a hormone that aids in proliferation of progenitor cells d) are lymphoid cells used in the immune system’s defense mode e) are precursor cells

C) is a hormone that aids in proliferation of progenitor cells

``` The substance that stimulates formation of platelets is: a) thrombopoetin b) immunoglobulins c) antibodies d) erythropoietin e) cytokines ```

A) thrombopoetin

``` The red blood cell: a) numbers about 5 and half million per microliter in an adult male b) is convex in the middle c) are also called leukocytes d) contains the nitrogen-carrying protein hemoglobin e) are multinucleated cells ```

A) numbers about 5 and half million per microliter in an adult male

``` Which statement does not describe a component of the RBC life cycle? a) ruptured RBCs are removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver b) iron is ultimately converted to bilirubin which ends up in the liver c) the transporter of iron in the blood is transferrin d) All of the choices are true ```

D) All of the choices are true

Which of the following statements is true? a) a reticulocyte has a multilobed nucleus b) erythropoiesis is the production of white blood cells c) hypoxia increases the secretion of erythropoietin by the kidneys d) normally, erythropoiesis outpaces the production of red blood cell destruction e) loss of the nucleus causes swelling of an erythrocyte

C) Hypoxia increases the secretion of erythropoietin by the kidneys

``` An increase in white blood cell count above normal levels is called: a) leukopenia b) erythrocytosis c) emigration d) leukocytosis e) erythropoiesis ```

D) Leukocytosis

``` Which are the most numerous white blood cells? a) lymphocytes b) neutrophils c) monocytes d) eosinophils e) basophils ```

B) Neutrophils

The decreased likelihood of graft-versus-host disease is an advantage of a cord-blood transplant over a bone marrow transplant. T/F?

A) True

``` Which of the following is not an example of hemostasis? a) platelet plug formation b) maintenance of the normal body temperature c) applying a tourniquet d) vascular spasm e) blood clotting ```

B) Maintenance of the normal body temperature

Which of the following is not involved in platelet plug formation? • a) platelets sticking to the walls of an injured vessel • b) vasoconstriction due to serotonin release • c) release of platelet-derived-growth-factor ((PDGF) • d) all the above occur in platelet plug formation

D) all of the above occur in platelet plug formation

The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting occurs much quicker than the intrinsic pathway. T/F?

A) True

A thrombus is: • a) a narrowing of the lumen of a vessel • b) an air bubble traveling in the blood stream • c) a substance that dissolves blood clots • d) a collection of platelets and other cells on the endothelial surface of an unbroken blood vessel • e) a medicine used to treat heart attacks

D) a collection of platelets and other cells on the endothelial surface of an unbroken blood vessel.

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the blood? • a) Transportation of nutrients • b) Protection against infectious disease • c) Transportation of heat • d) Production of oxygen

D) Production of Oxygen

``` Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting? a) Albumin b) Globulins c) Fibrinogen d) Prostaglandins ```

C) Fibrinogen

``` Serum is • a) the same as plasma. • b) plasma without the clotting factors. • c) the same as lymph. • d) interstitial fluid ```

B) Plasma without the clotting factors

``` Which of the following blood cells is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel? a) Erythrocyte b) Platelet c) Lymphocyte d) Basophil ```

B) Platelet

Elastic arteries function as a) vasodilators. b) conduits to the tissues of the trunk only. c) barriers to microcirculation. d) pressure reservoirs. e) vasoconstrictors.

D) Pressure reservoirs

In resting individuals, which vessels serve as a large blood reservoir from which blood can be quickly diverted to other vessels as needed? • a) Arteries and arterioles • b) Arterioles and capillaries • c) Veins and venules • d) Aorta and veins

C) Veins and venules

``` Which type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries? • a) arteries • b) arterioles • c) venules • d) veins • e) aorta ```

B) Arterioles

``` The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called • a) reabsorption. • b) filtration. • c) bulk flow. • d) osmosis. • e) transcytosis. ```

B) Filtration

``` Cardiac output is dependent on both • a) heart rate and stroke volume. • b) stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance. • c) heart rate and systemic vascular resistance. • d) blood type and stroke volume. • e) blood pressure and heart rate ```

A) Heart rate and stroke volume

``` The cardiovascular center is located • a) in the thoracic cavity. • b) in the cerebral cortex. • c) in the cerebellum. • d) in the medulla oblongata. • e) in the hypothalamus ```

D) in the Medulla Oblongata

Which of the following would be a normal response of the cardiovascular system to a decreased frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors? • a) Increased systemic vascular resistance • b) Increased parasympathetic stimulation • c) Decreased heart rate • d) Decreased stroke volume • e) Decreased cardiac output

A) Increased systemic vascular resistance

``` In fetal circulation, what is the opening between the right and left atria called? • a) Ductus venousus • b) Umbilicus • c) Fossa ovalis • d) Foramen ovale • e) Ductus arteriosus ```

A) Foramen ovale

``` Which of the following vessels drains blood from the head and neck? a) Median cubital vein b) Inferior vena cava c) Axillary vein d) Femoral vein e) Jugular vein ```

E) Jugular vein

``` During embryonic development, blood cells are formed from • a) endodermal cells. • b) pluripotent stem cells. • c) angioblasts. • d) fibroblasts. • e) osteoblasts. ```

B) Pluripotent stem cells