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Biology > Bio week 9+10 - Sheet1 > Flashcards

Bio week 9+10 - Sheet1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell division

A

the process by which a single cell generates new daughter cells

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2
Q

mitosis

A

a method of eukaryotic cell division that results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

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3
Q

meiosis

A

method of eukaryotic cell division that results in daughter cells that have half the genetic information of the parent cells

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4
Q

interphase

A

a stage of the cell cycle in which normal metabolic function occurs, and cell prepares for cell division

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5
Q

G1 stage of interphase

A

cell gathers nutrients and other resources from its environment and performs normal metabolic functions

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6
Q

S stage of interphase

A

stage in which DNA synthesis (replication) occurs

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7
Q

G2 stage of interphase

A

final preparations for mitosis

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8
Q

prophase

A

1st stage of mitosis. Chromosomes condense. Spindle fibers form. Nuclear membrane disassembles. Nucleolus disappears.

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9
Q

centrioles

A

cellular organelles comprised of microtubules. assist in cell division

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10
Q

metaphase

A

3rd stage of mitosis. chromosomes align at the equatorial plane of the cell

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11
Q

anaphase

A

4th stage of mitosis. sister chromatids move toward opposite ends of the cell

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12
Q

kinetochore

A

a multi protein complex attached to each chromatid at the centromere. causes shortening of the spindle fibers to pull the chromatid toward the pole.

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13
Q

centromere

A

the site where the chromatids are attached, formed of nitrogenous bases

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14
Q

telophase

A

spindle fibers disassemble. nuclear membrane re-forms. chromosomes uncoil. nucleolus re-forms.

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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

process during which the cell contents are split between the two new daughter cells

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16
Q

cleavage furrow

A

an indentation of the plasma membrane that pinches in toward the center during cytokinesis

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17
Q

proto-oncogens

A

code for proteins that encourage cell division

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18
Q

tumor-suppressor genes

A

code for proteins that discourage cell division

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19
Q

p53

A

gene that identifies if the cell’s DNA is damaged before DNA synthesis. If damaged, p53 causes the cell to self-destruct

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20
Q

apoptosis

A

process whereby a cell digests itself from the inside out.

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21
Q

mutagens

A

agents that mutate or chemically damage DNA

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22
Q

carcinogens

A

mutagens that cause cancer

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23
Q

tumor

A

mass of cells not normally found in a certain portion of the body

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24
Q

benign tumor

A

cell mass that does not fragment and spread beyond its original area of growth

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25
Q

malignant tumors

A

tumors that may spread of invade other parts of the body

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26
Q

metastasize

A

tumor cells that move from the original site and grow new tumors in other regions

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27
Q

zygote

A

original single cell that results from the union of an egg and sperm

28
Q

determination

A

cellular process of deciding which genes a cell will express when mature

29
Q

differentiated

A

a cell that has become a particular cell type

30
Q

haploid

A

cells that have a single set of chromosomes. = one complete set of genetic information

31
Q

diploid

A

cells that carry two coplete sets of their genetic information

32
Q

gamete

A

eggs and sperm

33
Q

fertilization

A

joining of the genetic material from two haploid cells

34
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

have the same order of genes along their DNA

35
Q

non-homologous chromosomes

A

have different genes on their DNA

36
Q

meiosis I

A

reduction division in which the chromosome number in the two cells produced is reduced from diploid to haploid. includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I

37
Q

prophase I

A

chromosomes condense. spindle fibers form. nuclear membrane disassembles. synapsis and crossing-over occur.

38
Q

metaphase I

A

chromosomes align on equatorial plane as synapsed pairs.

39
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes separate from each other. chromosomes move toward cell’s poles. reduction occurs (diploid to haploid)

40
Q

segregation

A

the separation and movement of homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles of the cell

41
Q

independent assortment

A

during segregation, homologous pairs segregate independently of each other

42
Q

telophase I

A

spindle fibers disassemble.chromosomes uncoil. nuclear membrane re-forms. nucleoli reappear.

43
Q

meiosis II

A

includes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II. The two daughter phase from meiosis I divide resulting in 4 cells. the events in the division sequence of meiosis II are the same as those that occur in mitosis.

44
Q

prophase II

A

chromosomes condense. spindle fibers form. nuclear membrane disassembles. nucleoli disassemble.

45
Q

metaphase II

A

chromosomes alighn at the equator in unpaired manner

46
Q

anaphase II

A

chromatids separate and begin to move to cell’s poles

47
Q

telophase II

A

nuclear membrane re-forms. chromosomes uncoil. nucleoli reappear. spindle fibers disassemble.

48
Q

nondisjunction

A

occurs when homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis. usually reults in cell death, if not, the resulting gamete will have an extra chromosome

49
Q

monosomy

A

having one chromosome when there is normally a pair of homologous chromosomes

50
Q

trisomy

A

having three chromosomes when there is normally a pair of homologous chromosomes

51
Q

karyotype

A

picture of an individual’s chromosomal makeup

52
Q

down syndrome

A

chromosome number 21 trisomy

53
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the organ system that pumps blood around the body. contains blood, heart and blood vessels. heart –>arteries–>arterioles–>capillaries–>venules–>veins–>heart

54
Q

arteries

A

the vessels that carry blood away from the heart and distribute it to the organs

55
Q

capillaries

A

the thinnest blood vessels wheere exchange of materials between the blood and tissues that surround the vessels take place.

56
Q

formed elements

A

cells and platelets that are suspended in a watery solution called plasma that make up blood

57
Q

plasma

A

the watery matrix that contains the molecules and cells of the blood

58
Q

red blood cells

A

small disk shaped cells that lack a nucleus. distribute repirtory gasses

59
Q

anemia

A

a condition in which a person has a reduced oxygen carrying capacity due to little iron causing not enough hemoglobin to be able to transport oxygen.

60
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes. formed element in the blood. fragments of white blood cells that are essential for clotting

61
Q

heart

A

responsible for providing the energy to pump the blood throughout the body

62
Q

atria

A

thin walled sacs of the heart that reveive blood from the veins of the body and empty into the ventricles

63
Q

ventricles

A

the powerful muscular chambers of the heart whose contractions force blood to flow through the arteries to all parts of the body

64
Q

semilunar valves

A

valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries that prevent the flow of blood backwards into the ventricles

65
Q

Mitral valve

A

the left atrioventricular valve

66
Q

tricuspid valve

A

the right atrioventricular valve

Biology (8 decks)

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