Bio 1-3 excel export csv Flashcards
What distinguishes science from nonscience?
The testing of a hypothesis
A hypothesis must:
account for all available information, be logical and testable
a scientific theory is:
a broad statement that ties together many facts
Economics is not considered a science becuase:
many economic predictions do not come true
what kind of process is reproduction?
a generative process
If data are able to be justified and are on target with other evidence, scientists say that these data are:
valid
a variable that changes in direct response to how another variable is manipulated is known as:
the dependent variable
emergent properties:
features that result from the interaction of simple components when they form much more complex substances
dependent variable
the variable expected to change as a direct result of the manipulation of the independent variable
deductive reasoning
the process of using general principles to predict the specific facts of a situation
order of the scientific method:
make observations, ask questions, explore other sources of information, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis,, find agreement with existing scientific laes and theories or construct new ones, form a conclusion and communicate it
energy
the ability to do work or cause things to move
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
metabolic processes:
taking in nutrients and eliminating waste
generative processes:
activites that result in an increase in the size of an organism (growth) or an increase in the number of individuals in a population (reproduction)
kinetic vs potential energy
kinetic = energy in motion, potential = stored energy
5 forms of energy:
mechanical, nuclear, electrical, radiant, chemical
atomic number
the number of protons in an atom of that element
isotope
same element with a different number of neutrons
atomic weight
an average of all the isotopes present in a mixture in their normal proportions
why are some elements considered inert or noble?
elements like He and Ne have a full outermost energy level under ordinary circumstances
heat
the total internal kinetic energy of molecules. Measured in units of calories, a quantity of energy
ionic bonds
formed after atoms transfer electrons to achieve a full outermost energy level. formed when an element from the left side of the periodic table reacts with an element from the right side (those eager to donate eletrons)
electrolyte
any substance that dissociates into ions in water and allows the conduction of electric current
polar covalent bonds
when the electrons in a covalent bond are not equally shared.
solution
a liquid mixture of ions or molecules of two or more substances. the process of making a solution is called dissolving
solvent
the component present in the larger amount
solute
the component that dissolves in the solvent
dehydration synthesis
chemical changes in which water is released and a larger, more complex molecule is made from smaller, less complex parts. ex: amino acid 1 + amino acid 2 —> protein +water
hyrolysis rxn
rxns where water is used to break the reactants in to smaller, less complex products. Ex: protein + water —> amino acid 1 + amino acid 2
acid-base rxns
take place when the ions of an acid interact with the ions of a base, forming a salt and water
characteristics of acids
ionic compounds that release hydrogen ions in solution / sour taste / proton donor or electron acceptor
bases
ionic compounds that, when dissolved in water, remove hydrogen ions from solution / slippery feel on the skin / weak bases have a bitter taste / proton acceptor or electron donor
hydroxide ions, same as:
OH- group
pH of 7
indicates the solution is neutral and has an equal number of H+ ions and OH- ions to balance each other
when a covalent bond forms between two kinds of atoms that are the same, the result is known as a:
diatomic molecule
Salts are compounds that do not release either ____ or _____ ions when dissolved in water
H+ , OH-
this intramolecular force under the right conditions can result in a molecule that is coiled or twisted into a complex, three-dimensional shape
hydrogen bond
a triple covalent bond is represented by:
three separate thin lines
atoms of the same element differ from ions of that element because:
they have different numbers of electrons
ions that are bonded together and form a three-dimensional structure are called:
crystals
what determines the specific chemical properties of an organic molecule?
the kind of functional groups attached to a carbon skeleton
what are the 4 kinds of important macromolecules?
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
of the important macromolecules, which ones are polymers?
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
polymers
combinations of many smaller, similar building blocks called monomers. can be thought of as a pearl necklace - all pieces constructed of similar segments hooked together from one large product
how can you recognize a simple sugar
there are equal numbers of carbons and oxygens and twice as many hydrogens. ex: C3H6O3
proteins
polymers made up of monomers known as amino acids
amino acids
short carbon skeleton that contains an amino functional group (nitrogen and two hydrogens)
polypeptide
combinations of amino acids in a specific sequence
structural proteins
important for maintaining the shape of cells and organisms ex: cell membranes, muscle cells, tendons, and blood cells
regulator proteins
determine what activites will occur in the organism ex: enzymes, chaperones, hormones
nucleic acids
complex organic polymers that store and transfer genetic information within the cell / contructed of nucleotides
two types of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
each nucleotide is composed of what three things?
a 5-carbon simple sugar molecule, ribose or deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
base-pairing rule for DNA
A with T, G with C
base-pairing rule for RNA
A with U, G with C
chromosomes
strands of helical DNA containing genes
jobs of genes
1-replicate itself 2-mutate/chemically change itself and transmit these changes to future generations 3-store information that determines characteristics of cells and organisms 4-use this info to direct the synthesis of structural, carrier and regulator proteins
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings the code from DNA (transcription) to the ribosomes to make proteins (translation)
rRNA
ribosomal RNA, combines with proteins to form ribosomes that serve as the site of protein synthesis
tRNA
transfer RNA, brings the 20 different amino acids, which were dissolved in the cytoplasm, to the ribosomes.
what are the 3 types of lipids?
true fats, phospholipids, and steroids
saturated vs. unsaturated fats
saturated - a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid molecule with as much hydrogen bonded to it as possible. unsaturated - fatty acids with carbons double-bonded to each other at one time or more points.
phospholipids
major component of a cell’s membrane. complex, water-soluble, organic molecules that resemble neutral fats but have a phosphate-containing group (PO4) in their structure
what is the purpose of phospholipids
major components of cell membranes. keep the cell contents separated from the exterior environment
how to identify steroids
by their interlocking rings of carbon, if they are sex hormones, if they regulate reproductive processes and salt concentration in blood
empirical formula
indicates the number of each kind of atom within a molecule
what is the name of the functional group -NH2
amino
the monomer of a complex carbohydrate is
a monosaccharide
denaturation
occurs when the shape of a macromolecule is altered as a result of exposure to excess heat or light
