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Biology > Bio 1-3 excel export csv > Flashcards

Bio 1-3 excel export csv Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What distinguishes science from nonscience?

A

The testing of a hypothesis

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2
Q

A hypothesis must:

A

account for all available information, be logical and testable

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3
Q

a scientific theory is:

A

a broad statement that ties together many facts

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4
Q

Economics is not considered a science becuase:

A

many economic predictions do not come true

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5
Q

what kind of process is reproduction?

A

a generative process

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6
Q

If data are able to be justified and are on target with other evidence, scientists say that these data are:

A

valid

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6
Q

a variable that changes in direct response to how another variable is manipulated is known as:

A

the dependent variable

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7
Q

emergent properties:

A

features that result from the interaction of simple components when they form much more complex substances

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8
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable expected to change as a direct result of the manipulation of the independent variable

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9
Q

deductive reasoning

A

the process of using general principles to predict the specific facts of a situation

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10
Q

order of the scientific method:

A

make observations, ask questions, explore other sources of information, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis,, find agreement with existing scientific laes and theories or construct new ones, form a conclusion and communicate it

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11
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work or cause things to move

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12
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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13
Q

metabolic processes:

A

taking in nutrients and eliminating waste

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13
Q

generative processes:

A

activites that result in an increase in the size of an organism (growth) or an increase in the number of individuals in a population (reproduction)

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14
Q

kinetic vs potential energy

A

kinetic = energy in motion, potential = stored energy

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15
Q

5 forms of energy:

A

mechanical, nuclear, electrical, radiant, chemical

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16
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom of that element

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16
Q

isotope

A

same element with a different number of neutrons

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16
Q

atomic weight

A

an average of all the isotopes present in a mixture in their normal proportions

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16
Q

why are some elements considered inert or noble?

A

elements like He and Ne have a full outermost energy level under ordinary circumstances

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16
Q

heat

A

the total internal kinetic energy of molecules. Measured in units of calories, a quantity of energy

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16
Q

ionic bonds

A

formed after atoms transfer electrons to achieve a full outermost energy level. formed when an element from the left side of the periodic table reacts with an element from the right side (those eager to donate eletrons)

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17
Q

electrolyte

A

any substance that dissociates into ions in water and allows the conduction of electric current

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18
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

when the electrons in a covalent bond are not equally shared.

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19
Q

solution

A

a liquid mixture of ions or molecules of two or more substances. the process of making a solution is called dissolving

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20
Q

solvent

A

the component present in the larger amount

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21
Q

solute

A

the component that dissolves in the solvent

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21
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

chemical changes in which water is released and a larger, more complex molecule is made from smaller, less complex parts. ex: amino acid 1 + amino acid 2 —> protein +water

22
Q

hyrolysis rxn

A

rxns where water is used to break the reactants in to smaller, less complex products. Ex: protein + water —> amino acid 1 + amino acid 2

23
Q

acid-base rxns

A

take place when the ions of an acid interact with the ions of a base, forming a salt and water

24
Q

characteristics of acids

A

ionic compounds that release hydrogen ions in solution / sour taste / proton donor or electron acceptor

25
Q

bases

A

ionic compounds that, when dissolved in water, remove hydrogen ions from solution / slippery feel on the skin / weak bases have a bitter taste / proton acceptor or electron donor

25
Q

hydroxide ions, same as:

A

OH- group

26
Q

pH of 7

A

indicates the solution is neutral and has an equal number of H+ ions and OH- ions to balance each other

26
Q

when a covalent bond forms between two kinds of atoms that are the same, the result is known as a:

A

diatomic molecule

27
Q

Salts are compounds that do not release either ____ or _____ ions when dissolved in water

A

H+ , OH-

28
Q

this intramolecular force under the right conditions can result in a molecule that is coiled or twisted into a complex, three-dimensional shape

A

hydrogen bond

29
Q

a triple covalent bond is represented by:

A

three separate thin lines

30
Q

atoms of the same element differ from ions of that element because:

A

they have different numbers of electrons

31
Q

ions that are bonded together and form a three-dimensional structure are called:

A

crystals

31
Q

what determines the specific chemical properties of an organic molecule?

A

the kind of functional groups attached to a carbon skeleton

32
Q

what are the 4 kinds of important macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

33
Q

of the important macromolecules, which ones are polymers?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

34
Q

polymers

A

combinations of many smaller, similar building blocks called monomers. can be thought of as a pearl necklace - all pieces constructed of similar segments hooked together from one large product

35
Q

how can you recognize a simple sugar

A

there are equal numbers of carbons and oxygens and twice as many hydrogens. ex: C3H6O3

36
Q

proteins

A

polymers made up of monomers known as amino acids

37
Q

amino acids

A

short carbon skeleton that contains an amino functional group (nitrogen and two hydrogens)

38
Q

polypeptide

A

combinations of amino acids in a specific sequence

39
Q

structural proteins

A

important for maintaining the shape of cells and organisms ex: cell membranes, muscle cells, tendons, and blood cells

40
Q

regulator proteins

A

determine what activites will occur in the organism ex: enzymes, chaperones, hormones

41
Q

nucleic acids

A

complex organic polymers that store and transfer genetic information within the cell / contructed of nucleotides

42
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

43
Q

each nucleotide is composed of what three things?

A

a 5-carbon simple sugar molecule, ribose or deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

44
Q

base-pairing rule for DNA

A

A with T, G with C

45
Q

base-pairing rule for RNA

A

A with U, G with C

46
Q

chromosomes

A

strands of helical DNA containing genes

47
Q

jobs of genes

A

1-replicate itself 2-mutate/chemically change itself and transmit these changes to future generations 3-store information that determines characteristics of cells and organisms 4-use this info to direct the synthesis of structural, carrier and regulator proteins

48
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, brings the code from DNA (transcription) to the ribosomes to make proteins (translation)

49
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, combines with proteins to form ribosomes that serve as the site of protein synthesis

50
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, brings the 20 different amino acids, which were dissolved in the cytoplasm, to the ribosomes.

51
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids?

A

true fats, phospholipids, and steroids

52
Q

saturated vs. unsaturated fats

A

saturated - a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid molecule with as much hydrogen bonded to it as possible. unsaturated - fatty acids with carbons double-bonded to each other at one time or more points.

53
Q

phospholipids

A

major component of a cell’s membrane. complex, water-soluble, organic molecules that resemble neutral fats but have a phosphate-containing group (PO4) in their structure

54
Q

what is the purpose of phospholipids

A

major components of cell membranes. keep the cell contents separated from the exterior environment

55
Q

how to identify steroids

A

by their interlocking rings of carbon, if they are sex hormones, if they regulate reproductive processes and salt concentration in blood

56
Q

empirical formula

A

indicates the number of each kind of atom within a molecule

57
Q

what is the name of the functional group -NH2

A

amino

58
Q

the monomer of a complex carbohydrate is

A

a monosaccharide

59
Q

denaturation

A

occurs when the shape of a macromolecule is altered as a result of exposure to excess heat or light

Biology (8 decks)

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