Bio 4-6 excel export csv Flashcards
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts
blasts add new bone matrix, clasts remove old matrix
three basic traits all cells share:
outer membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material
difference btw eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
E- plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and algae P- bacteria and archea (lack cell nucleus)
ER
endoplasmic reticulum - provides a large surface for chemical rxns to take place
ribosomes
involved in the synthesis of proteins from amino acids, “protein manufacturing machines,” composed of RNA and protein
golgi apparatus
modifies molecules shipped to it from elsewhere in the cell, manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids, packages molecules within sacs
lysosomes
digestion and destruction, destroy disease-causing microorganisms
in regards to respiration, what does the mitochondria do?
contains enzymes responsible for aerobic cellular respiration
chloroplast
responsible for photosynthesis
inclusions
collections of materials that do not have a well defined structure like most organelles. ex: starch grains, sulfur, oil droplets, collections of miscellaneous materials (granules)
diffusion
the movement of a molecule along its concentration gradient
osmosis
the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
isotonic
a solution that has the same water and salt concentration as the cells
hypotonic
a solution that has high water concentration and low salt concentration than cells
hypertonic
a solution that has low water concetration and high salt concentration than cells
facilitated diffusion
carrier protein, with concetration gradient, passive transport - no input of energy
active transport
use of a carrier protein against concentration gradient, ATP, ex:sodium potassium pumps
difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis
phago - engulfing lg. particles such as cells pino- engulfing liquids and the materials dissolved in the liquids
receptor mediated endocytosis
molecules from the cell’s surroundings bind to receptor molecules on the plasma membrane. the membrane then folds in and engulfs these molecules.
what structures are not found in prokaryotic cells?
nucleus (therefore no nuclear membrane), mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi or endoplasmic reticula
protozoans
organisms that consist of only one cell. ex: amoeba and paramecium
the golgi app. produces:
lysosomes
where are ribosomes made and stored?
nucleolus
what structure manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids and packages molecules within sacs?
golgi app.
when a cell is placed in a ___ solution, it loses water and shrivels
hypertonic
what cell components are involved in the destruction of microbes?
phagocytic vacuoles
activation energy
an input of energy required by a reaction to get it started. Used to make reactions unstable or more likely to react
enzyme
a protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction
cofactors
enzyme helpers
coenzyme
a molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to function as a catalyst
what effects can temperature have on enzyme reactions?
1- can change the rate of molecular motion, 2. can cause changes in the shape of an enzyme
what is a denatured enzyme?
one whose protein structure has been permanently changed so that it has lost its original bichemical properties
enzymatic competition
occurs whenever there are several kinds of enzymes available to combine with the same substrate molecule
competitive inhibition
when the inhibitor molecule competes with the normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme
what is an inhibitor
a molecule that attaches itself to an enzyme and interferes with that enzyme’s ability to form an enzyme substrate complex
catabolism vs anabolism
c-the breakdown of compounds, a-the synthesis of new, larger compounds
ATP is generated when hydrogen ions flow from a ___ to a ___ concentration after they have been pumped from one side of the membrane to the other
higher, lower
autotrophs
organisms that are able to use basic energy sourses, such as sunlight, to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw materials
two types of autotrophs:
- photosynthetic (those that use light) 2. chemisynthetic (those that use inorganic chemical reactions)
heterotrophs
all organisms that require organic molecules such as food - carbs, fats, proteins
aerobic cellular respiration
oxygen is involved in the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
3 phases of cellular respiration
glycolysis (completed with or without O2) anaerobic = fermentation. aerobic = krebs cycle —> electron transport chain
glycolysis
the process of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell where glucose (C6H12O6) enters a series of reactions that: 1. require the use of 2 ATPs 2. ultimately results in the formation of 4 ATPs 3. results in the formation of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH)
Breaks down glucose with the release of electrons and formation of ATP
eukaryotic krebs cycle
completes the breakdown of pyruvic acid with the release of carbon dioxide, electrons and ATP
*The Krebs cycle takes place within the mitochondria. *For every 1 acetyl-CoA molecule that enters the Krebs cycle: 1. 3 carbons from a pyruvate are converted to acetyl-CoA and are released as carbon dioxide (CO2). 2. 5 pairs of hydrogens become attached to hydrogen carriers to become 4 NADHs and 1 FADH2. 3. 1 ATP is generated
eukaryotic electron-transport system
series of enzyme controlled rxns that convert kinetic energy of hydrogen electrons to ATP
the electron-transport system takes place within the mitochondrion, where: 1. oxygen is used up as the oxygen atoms accept hydrogens from NADH and FADH2 forming water (H2O). 2. NAD+ and FAD are released to be used over again.3. 32 ATPs are produced
summary of alcohol fermentation
- starts with glycolysis
a. glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid b. a net of 2 ATPs is made - during alcoholic fermentation:
a. pyruvic acid is reduced to form ethanol b. carbon dioxide is released - yeasts do this in:
a. leavened bread
b. sparkling wine
summary of lactic acid fermentation
- starts with glycolysis a. glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid b. a net of 2 ATPs is made 2. during lactic acid fermentationa. pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid b. no carbon dioxide is released 3. muscle cells have the enzymes to do this, but brain cells do not. a. muscle cells can survive brief periods of oxygen deprivation, but brain cells cannot. b. lactic acid “burns” in muscles
summary of fat respiration
- fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids 2. glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate a. then enters glycolysis 3. fatty acids a. are converted to acetyl-CoA b. enter krebs cycle 4. each molecule of fat fuels the formation of many more ATP than glucose. this makes it a good energy-storage molecule
summary of protein respiration
1.proteins are digested into amino acids 2. amino acids have the amino group removed, a.generate a keto acid (acetic acid, pyruvic acid, etc.) b. enter the krebs cycle at the appropriate place
the positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular respiration eventually combine with ____ ion to form ____.
an oxygen, water
In a complete accounting of all the ATPs produced in aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, there are a total of ____ ATPs: ____ from the ETS, ____from glycolysis, and ____ from the krebs cycle
36, 32, 2, 2
anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
fermentation
each molecule of fat can release ____ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose
larger amounts
some organisms excrete ammonia directly; others convert ammonia into other nitrogen-containing compounds, such as:
urea or uric acid
the ATP generating process in mitochondria works by using what?
proton pump
in fermentation, why would one need to reduce pyruvic acid?
when NAD+ needs to be regenerated for continued use in glycolysis
why don’t human muscle cells produce alcohol and CO2 during anaerobic respiration?
we dont have the genes to produce the enzymes needed to generate alcohol and CO2
what electron carrier releases the most potential during the ETS?
NADH
