bio 24-26 excel export csv Flashcards
cardiovascular system
the organ system of all vertebrates that pumps blood around the body and consts of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
blood
the fluid tissue that assists in the transport of materials and heat
heart
muscular pump that forces the blood from one part of the body to another
arteries
the vessels that carry blood away from the heart and distribute it to the organs
capillaries
tiny, thin walled tubes that receive blood from arterioles, their function is to assist in the exchange of materials between the blood and cells.
red blood cells
small, disk-shaped cells that lack a nucleus. primary function=to allow the blood to distribute respiratory gases efficiently
hemoglobin
the iron containing protein molecule found in rbcs to which oxygen molecules bind
white blood cells
aka leukocytes. formed elements in the blood that lack hemoglobin, have a nucleus, and are involved in defending the body from disease-causing agents.
Lymphocytes (L&M) agranular. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils (NEBs) granular
platelets
aka thrombocytes. fragments of specific kinds of white blood cells. important in clotting.
plasma
the liquid part of blood, consisting of wanter and dissolved materials, such as a variety of salts, proteins, nutrients. and waste products
atrioventricular valves
one way valves that allow blood to flow from the atria to the verticles and prevent flow in the opposite direction.
aorta
the large blood vessel that carries blood from the left ventricle to the majority of the body
pumlonary artery
the major blood vessel that carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary vs. systemic circulation
P-the flow of blood through certain chambers of the heart and blood vessels to the lungs and back to the heart S-the flow of blood through certain chambers of the heart and blood vessels to the general body and back to the heart
systolic vs. diastolic blood pressure
S-heart contracting D-heart relaxing
veins
collect blood from the capillaries and return it to the heart. always deoxygenated (except for pulmonary vein)
lymphatic system
a collection of lymph organs and lymph vessels that:
1) move fat from the intestinal tract to the blood stream
2) transport excess tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system
3) defend against harmful agents sucha as bacteria and viruses
what are the types of lymph organs
- lymph nodes 2. tonsils 3. spleen 4. thymus 5. red bone marrow
lymph nodes
small encapuslated bodies found along the lymph vessels that contain large numbers of white blood cells, particularly macrophages and lymphocytes that remove microorganisms and foreign particles from the lymph.
tonsils
lymph organs located on either side of the throat
spleen
continas large numbers of wbcs and filters blood. size of a small pickle, located in the upper left side of the body just below the diaphragm. its job is to clean the blood of pathogens and wornout/damaged rbcs.
thymus gland
located beneath the breastbone. function is to produce wbcs, which are vital to the functioning of the immune system.
red bone marrow
produces red and white blood cells and platelets. stem cells found inside bones. found most in children’s bones
respiratory system
the organ system that moves air into and out of the body. consists of the lungs, trachea, air-transport pathway and diaphragm
lungs
organs of the body that allow gas exchange to take place between the air and blood
trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
trachea-single large diameter tube supported by cartilage rings that brings air from the mouth and nose into the lungs via bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
bronchi - two branches of the trachea, one for each lung, supported by cartilage
bronchioles - smooth muscle tubes branching of from the bronchi, capable of constricting. deliver air to alveoli
alveoli - clusters of tiny sacs of the bronchioles where the exchange of gases between the air and blood take place. only one cell thick
breathing
the process of moving air in and out of the lungs
we absorb oxygen by diffusion, the air coming into our lungs is high in O while the blood entering the lungs is low in O. CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs and is expelled via exhale
diaphragm
a muscular organ that separates the chest cavity, which contains the lungs, from the abdominal cavity. during inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, causing it to move downward and the external intercostal muscles of the chest wall contract, causing the chest wall to move outward and upward.
digestive system
the organ system responsible for the processing and distribution of nutrients; it consists of a muscular tube and glands that secrete digestive juices into the tube. the purpose is to break down large chunks of food into small molecules.
salivary glands
three pairs of glands that produce saliva.
purpose of saliva
saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase that begins the chemical breakdown of starch. it also lubricates the oral cavity and helps bind food before swallowing
pharynx
the walls of the throat that food goes down. nerve endings in the lining of the pharynx are stimulated, causing a reflex contraction of the walls of the esophagus, which transports the food to the stomach.
gastric juice
found in the stomach and is added to the food. contains enzymes and hydrochloric acid; the major enzyme of the stomach is pepsin, which initiates the chemical breakdown of protein.
how does food get from the stomach to the small intestine?
the combined activites of the enzymatic breakdown, chemical breakdown by HCl, and mechanical processing by muscular movement results in a thoroughly mixed liquid. this liquid eventually leaves the stomach through a valve known as the pyloric sphincter and enters the small intestine.
duodenum
the first part of the small intestine which produces enzymes and secretes several kinds of hormones that regulate the release of food from the stomach and the release of secretions from the pancreas and liver.
pancreas
produces digestive enzymes and secretes large amounts of bicarbonate ions which neutralize the acids that enter from the stomach so that the pH of the duodenum is about pH8.
one of the major functions of the liver
secreting bile
bile
stored in the gallbladder, prior to being released into the duodenum. when it is released, it helps break down large fat particles into smaller globules that are suspended in water and washed away.
large intestine
aprox. 1.5 meters long.
primarily involved in reabsorbing the water that has been added to the food tube when saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic secreations and intestinal juices are introduced into the digestive system.
Home to a variety of bacteria some harmful, like ecoli, some of which provide additional benefit by producing vitamins
villi
millions of fingerlike projections that line the small intestine which increase the surface area available for the transport of materials from the gut into the circulatory system.
hepatic portal vein
when nutrient rich blood leaves the small intestine, it flows directly to the liver through the hep. portal vein without ever passing through the heart.
excretory system
an organ system responsible for the processing and elimination of metabolic waste products. consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
kidneys
organs involved in regulating the level of toxic or unnecesary molecules in the body
what are the primary waste products released in urine
urea and hydrogen ions
breathing rate is primarily determined by
the level of CO2 in the blood
systematic circulation
the right ventricle of the heart pumps blood that is poor in O2 to the lungs. the left vetricle pumps oxygen rich blood by way of the aorta to all parts of the body except the lungs.
nutrients
all the molecules required to support living things
ingestion
the process of taking food into the body through eating
digestion
the breakdown of complex food molecules to simpler molecules
absorption
the movement of simple molecules from the digestive system to the circulatory system for dispersal throughout the body
assimilation
the modification and incorporation of absorbed molecules into the structure of the organism
kilocalorie
the unit used to measure the amount of energy in foods.
what are the three kinds of carbohydrates
sugars, starches, and fibers
complete proteins
contain all the amino acids required by the body and necessary for good health. ex: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
incomplete proteins
lack certain amino acids that the body must have to build essential proteins. ex: plant proteins, rice, corn, beans
vitamins
organic molecules needed in small amounts to maintain essential metabolic activities
minerals
elements found in nature that cannot be synthesized by the body.
they function as regulators, activators, transmitters, and controllers of various enzymatic reactions.
osteoporosis
a calcium-deficiency disease in older adults that is tied to diet. people with this disease lose bone mass; their bones become more brittle and subject to fracture.
basal metabolic rate
(BMR) the rate at which the body uses energy when it is at rest.
specific dynamic action
(SDA) the amount of energy needed to process the food we eat
body mass index
(BMI) a measure of body weight compared with height. BMI=weight in kg /((height in meters) ^2)
items in the grain food group are important because they supply:
carbohydrates, fibers and vitamins
negative vs. positive feedback
N-occurs when the response to a stimulus inhibits the stimulus, thus reducing the response. (ex: household heating system/pancrease releasing and inhibiting the release of insulin) P-happens when a resoponse to a stimulus causes an increase in the stimulus which further increases the response. (ex:oxytocin produced during childbirth & bloodclotting)
nervous system
network of cells with fibrous extensions that carry information along specific pathways from one part of the body to another
neuron/nerve cell
the basic unit of the nervous ssytem. consists of a central nerve cell body, which contains a nucleus, axons, which carry information away fromthe cell body, and dendrites, which carry information toward the cell body
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord, is surrounded by the skull and the vertebrae of the spinal column. receives input from sense organs, interprets information, and generates a response.
peripheral nervous system
located outside the skull and spinal column. consists of bundles of long axons and dendrites (nerves). in this system, the somatic nervous system controls the skeletal (voluntary) muscles and the autonomic nervous system controls smooth (involuntary) muscles, the heart and glands.
what are the two sets of neurons of the PNS?
sensory neurons (long dendrites that carry input from sense organs to the CNS) and motor neurons (carry messages from the CNS to muscles and glands
nerve impulse
the message that travels along a neuron. involves 1. a change in the permeability of the cell membrane 2. the flow of sodium ions into the nerve cell 3. depolarizatoin of the nerve cell membrane
what does it mean for a membrane to be depolarized?
when a cell is stimulated at a specific point on the cell membrane, the cell membrane changes its permeability and lets sodium ions pass through it from the outside to the inside. essentially, it loses its difference in charge as sodium ions diffuse into the cell from the outside.
synapse
the space between the fibers of adjacent neurons in a chain.
what happens when a nerve impulse reaches a synapse?
a neurotransmitter is released into the synapse from the axon, which then diffuses across the synapse to bind to receptors on the dendrite, initiating an impulse in the next neuron.
medulla oblongata
at the base of the brain, where the spinal cord enters the skull. it controls fundamental activities, such as blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate.
cerebellum
a large bulge at the base of the brain that is connected to the medulla oblongata. receives info from sense organs then is able to control the coordination of muscle activity.
pons
controls many sensory and motor functions of the sense organs of the head and face
thalamus
region of the brain that relays information between the cerebrum and lower portions of the brain. provides awareness to determine pleasant and unpleasant stimuli and is involved in sleep and arousal.
hypothalamus
regulates sleep cycles, is important in emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and sensations that accompany hunger, secual response and pain. regulates body temp, blood pressure, and water balance. connected to pituitary gland and therefore influences the manufacture and release of its hormones
cerebrum
the thinking part of the brain. it receives, interprets and integrates information from sense organs and genereates responses that involve the actions of muscles and glands. abilities such as memory, language, control of movement, interpretation of sensory input, and thought.
hormone
a specific molecule that is released by one organ and transported to another organ, where it triggers a change in the other organ’s activity.
endocrine system
consists of a number of glands that communicate with one another and with other tissues through chemicals distributed throughout the organism
glands
organs that manufacture and secrete a material either through ducts or directly into the circulatory system
edocrine glands
have no ducts. secrete their products-hormones-into the circularoty system
exocrine glands
empty their contents through ducts. ex: sweat glands and digestive glands
perception
the recognition that a stimulus has been received
olfactory epithelium
the lining of the nasal cavity, which respond to smell. its cells bind molecules to receptors on their surfaces.
retina
a light-sensitive layer of the back of the eye
rods
one kind of receptor in the eye’s retina. respond to a broad range of wavelengths of light and are responsible for black-and-white vision. sensitive to light. useful in dim light. located over most of the retinal suface except for the fovea centralis.
cones
one kind of receptor in the eye’s retina. not as sensitive to light as rods, but they can detect different wavelengths of light. allows us to detect different shades of color. concentrated in the fovea centralis
tympanum
ear drum with three tiny bones attached - malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) that vibrate causing a corresponding vibration in the membrane of the oval window (in cochlea)
semicircular canals
set of fluid-filled tubes associated with the cochlea that are involved in maintaining balance and posture
motor unit
a single neuron and all the muscle fibers to which it connects
immunity
the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis by resisting or defending against potentially harmful agents, such as microbes, toxins, and cancer cells
inflammation
a pattern of events that leads to increased temperature, redness, swelling, and pain in the affected area.
antigen
a large organic molecule, usually a protein, which is able to stimulate the production of a specific defense response and becomes neutralized or destroyed by that response.
antibody
a protein made by B-cells in response to a molecule known as the antigen
immunization
the tecnique used to induce the immune system to develop an aquired immunity to a specific disease by the use of a vaccine
vaccine
antigens made so they can start an active immunity without causing disease
allergy
an abnormal immune reaction to an antigen
autoimmune diseases
disorders that result from the immune system’s turning against the normal chemicals and cells of the body. it sees healthy as harmful and attacks them
