Bio 20-22 excel export csv Flashcards
difference between taxonomy and phylogeny
T-the naming of organisms & grouping them into logical categories P-involves showing how organisms are related evolutionarily
genus
a group of closely related organisms
domain
three major categories of organisms: bacteria, archaea, eucarya. based on their structural and biochemical features of their cells
kingdom
subdivision of a domain
phylum
subdivision of a kingdom
class
subdivision of a phylum
order
subdivision of a class
family
subdivision of an order
order of taxonomic cateogories
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
phylogeny
the science that explores the evolutionary relationships among organisms, seeking to reconstruct evolutionary history through study of fossils, comparitive anatomy, life cycle information, and biochemical/molecular evidence.
comparitive anatomy studies
studies fossils or currently living organisms - idea that organisms having similar structures are thought to be related. ex: all organisms that have hair and mammary glands are grouped together.
life cycle information
ex: both birds and reptiles lay eggs with shells, however reptiles lack feathers and have scales covering their bodies.
biochemical and molecular structure
ex: kinds of chlorophyll found in algae and plants
the domain bacteria
small, prokaryotic, single celled, no nucleus, reproduce by binary fission=asexual reproduction, move by secreting slime to glide or flagellum, anaerobic or aerobic, some=saprophytes (obtain energy by decomposition of dead organic material), some=parasites (obtain energy and nutrients from living hosts and cause disease), can be autotrophic like cyanobacteria or can be chemosynthetic.
the domain archaea
prokaryotic, reproduce asexually through binary fission, many shapes-rods, spheres, spirals, filaments & flat plates, found in extreme environments (extremephiles), autotrophs and heterotrophs. have ribosomes
the domain eucarya
eukaryotic cells, much larger than prokaryotic, presense of specialized membranous organelles: ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei
the kingdom protista
3 major types:
- ALGAE: plant-like autotrophs; unicellular
- PROTOZOA: animal-like heterotrophs; unicellular
- fungus-like protists (slime & water molds)
the kingdom fungi
most are nonmotile, have rigid/thin wall, non-photosynthetic, eukaryotic, most are multicellular however yeasts are single celled, most are saprophytes, some are parasitic or mutualistic, are decomposers in all ecosystems
the kingdom plantae
nonmotile, terrestrial, multicellular, contain chlorophyll, produce their own organic compounds by photosynthesis, have a cellulose cell wall, have a alteration of generations life cycle (2 stages: gametophyre generation: produces haploid sex cells by mitosis, sporophyte generation which is where the sex cells unite to form a diploid zygote)
the kingdom animalia
composed of eukaryotic cells, are heterotrophic and are multicellular. motile at least during some part of their lives, most reproduce sexually
three kinds of acellular infectious particles:
viruses, viroids, and prions
viruses
acellular infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid core surrounded by a coat of protein. can only function when they are inside if a living cell. viruses are not considered living and are not capable of living and reproducing by themselves. Do not have DNA
viroid
infectious particles found in host crop plants like potatoes and cucumbers. can result in stunted/distorted growth and/or may cause the plant to die
prions
proteins that can be passed from one organism to another and cause disease. cause changes in the brain that result in a spongy appearance called spongiform encephalopathies. symptoms involve abnormal behavior and eventually death
the most inclusive group into which an organism can be classified is the:
domain
are all animals and fungi heterotrophs?
yes
microorganisms
aka microbes: tiny-cannot be seen without microscope. consist of cells, which function independently. Single or multicellular, can use both asexual or sexual reproduction, live in aquatic/moist environments, or soil
what are the two kinds of prokaryotic organisms
domains bacteria and archaea
what is the difference between bacteria and archaea
the nature of their cell walls, cell membranes, DNA, and other details of structure and physiology.
what is the typical shape of bacteria
spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral-shaped. often identified by the characteristics of their metabolism or the chemistry of their cell walls. many have flagellum
because decomposer bacteria break down organic matter to provide themselves with energy and raw materials for growth, this makes them:
heterotrophs, some being saprophytes
in all ecosystems, bacteria serve as:
decomposers
why is decomposition important in nature
this process recycles carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements
commensal bacteria
bacteria that live on the surface or within other organisms and cause them no harm, but neither do they perform any valuable functions.
photosynthetic bacteria
bacteria that carry on photosynthesis. ex: cyanobacteria
mutualistic bacteria
relationships that occur between bacteria and other organisms. the two organisms of different species work together and can benefit each other
chemoautotrophic bacteria
use inorganic chemical reactions involving nitrogen to provide themselves with energy
disease-causing bacteria
heterotrophs that use the organic matter of living cells as food.
pathogens
bacteria and other kinds of organisms that are capable of causing harm to their host
endospore
a bacterial structure that can withstand hostile environmental conditions and germinate later, when there are favorable conditions to form a new, actively growing cell
what is the typical shape of archaea
lobed, platelike, or irregular in shape
extreme halophiles
(salt lovers) - archaea that can only live in extremely salty environments. contain a reddish pigment carotene making the color of the salty water body pinkish or red.
thermophiles
(heat lovers) - diverse group of archaea that live in extremely hot environments.
acidophiles and alkaliphiles
archaea that live at extreme pHs, either extrememly high or extremely low
methanogens
archaea that are strict anaerobes (do not live where there is oxygen), and release methane as a waste product of cellular metabolism
what is the only characteristic that the species in the kingdom protista share?
the fact that they are the simplest of the eukaryotic organisms
algae
protists that contain chlorophyll in chloroplasts and therefore carry on photosynthesis. Single or multicellular, found in ocean, freshwater, moist places like soil or surfaces of other organisms in a moist habitat.
plankton
type of algae- a collection of small, floating or weakly swimming organisms.
zooplankton
nonphotosynthetic plankton, including aquatic protozoa and tiny animals.
benthic organisms
type of algae- live attached to the bottom of or to objects in shallow water
why are forms of algae only found near the surface of water
because they require light for photosynthesis can usually do not live deeper than 100 meters below sea level.
protozoa
members of the kingdom protista. eukaryotic, heterotrophic, single-celled organisms that lack cell walls.
flagellates
type of protozoa that have flagella and lack cell walls and chloroplasts. Live in moist environments as parasites or symbiots
amoeboid protozoans
have an extension to their cell surface called pseudopods in which cytoplasm flows. use pseudopods to move around and engulf food.
apicomplexa
protozoa that are nonmotile parasites with a sporelike stage in their life cycle.
ciliates
group of protozoans with a complex cellular structure and numerous short, flexible extensions from the cell called cilia. ex:paramecium.
funguslike protists
have a motile reproductive stage, but do not have chitin in their cell walls, which differentiates them from true fungi.
what are the two kinds of funguslike protists?
slime molds and water molds
slime molds
amoeba-like organisms that crawl about and digest dead organic matter. looks like a large mass. when the environment becomes too dry or unfavorable, the cells come together into the mass and glide along like a slug. the mass may flow for hours before it spores to reproduce.
water molds
cell walls made of cellulose and have a flagellated reproductive stage - differentiates these molds from fungi. saprophytes and parasites in moist environments and bodies of water. look like fluffy growths on dead fish or other organic matter floating in water.
spore
a cell with a tough, protective cell wall that can resist extreme conditions.
lichens
organisms that consist of a symbiotic relationship between fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium. the alga or cyanobacterium does photosynthesis and provides the fungus with organic molecules for food, while the fungus provides the moist environment required by the alga or cyanobacterium.
mycotoxins
deadly poisons produced by fungi
the primary organisms that make up marine phytoplankton are:
cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, and diatoms
fungi are primarily dispersed by tiny structures called
spores
what kingdoms are involved in the nitrogen cycle?
bacteria and archaea
the major kind of bacteria that carries on photosynthesis is
cyanobacteria
methanogens are in the domain:
archaea
plants
eukaryotic, multicelular organisms that have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and carry on photosynthesis. their cells have cellulose cell walls.
sporophyte generation
1st stage in plant life cycle in which a diploid plant, which has special plant parts where meiosis takes place, produces haploid spores.
gametophyte generation
stage in plant life cycle in which a haploid sex cell is produced by mitosis
alteration of generations
term used to describe a kind of life cycle in which has two stages: sporophyte & gametophyte
vascular tissue
consists of specialized cells arranged end to end that carry water and nutrients from one place to another.
bryophytes
nonvascular plants such as mosses, hornworts, and liverworts that 1. lack vascular tissue 2. do not have roots or leaves 3. gametophyte generation is the most prominent part of their life cycle 4. the sperm swim to the egg
antheridium
a sac-like structure that consists of the developing sperm surrounded by a layer of cells called jacket cells
archegonium
a flask-shaped structure that produces the egg; it has a tubular channel leading to the egg at its base
roots
underground structures that anchor and absorb water and minerals
leaves
structures specialized for carrying out the process of photosynthesis
stems
structures that connect the roots with the leaves and position the leaves so that they receive sunlight
what are the two kinds of vascular tissue?
xylem and phloem
xylem
series of dead hollow cells arranged end to end forming a tube. Involved in the transport of water and minerals. Direction flow = roots to leaves
phloem
carries the organic molecules (primarily sugars and amino acids) produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant where growth or storage takes place.
where does growth occur in plants
at the tips of roots and stems and in the production of reproductive structures (cones, flowers, fruits)
where is food stored in plants
typically in the roots, but some store it in the stems
root hairs
small, fuzzy, hairlike cell extensions that actively grow on portions of the root near the tips
two main functions of stems
- they support the leaves 2. they transport raw materials from the roots to the leaves and manufactured food from the leaves to the roots
how is it that stems can provide such support for plants?
because their cell walls made of cellulose fibers interwoven to form a box, like a wicker basket. the cellulose fibers are rigid and do not stretch.
stomates
tiny openings in the epidermis which regulate the amount of water, CO2 and O2 that move into and out of the leaves of plants. they can close or open to control the rate at which water is lost and gases are exchanged.
seedless vascular plants consist of:
ferns, horsetails, club mosses and whisk ferns
what are the characteristics that seedless vascular plants have
- they have vascular tissue 2. most have roots, stems and leaves 3. the sporophyte generation is the most prominent part of the life cycle 4. the sperm swim to the egg 5. they do not have seeds
seeds
specialized structures that contain an embryo & stored food. Enclosed in a protective covering called a seed coat
what are the two major groups of plants that produce seeds
gymnosperms and angiosperms
gymnosperms
plants that produce their seeds in cones.
“naked seed plants” nearly all gymnosperms are woody perennials, do not have swimming sperm
pollination
the process of getting the pollen from the male cone to the female cone.
angiosperms
plants that produce flowers and have their seeds enclosed in a fruit
fruit
a modification of the ovary wall into a special structure that contains the seeds.
flower
the structure composed of highly modified leaves that is responsible for sexual reproduction.
pistil
in the center of the flower, composed of stigma, style, and ovary
stamens
surround the pistil, and consist of long filament with anthers at the top. anthers produce pollen
petals
modified leaves surrounding the stamens and pistil
