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Biology > Bio Topic 7 > Flashcards

Bio Topic 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which general group of people require the most calories in their diet?

A

Adolescent males with active lifestyles

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2
Q

Why do pregnant/breastfeeding women need a larger caloric intake?

A

“They need more energy to support the development of the child. The diet needs to be balanced as well to provide the correct nutrients
“

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3
Q

What is constipation caused by?

A

A lack of dietary fibre

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4
Q

What is starvation?

A

Suffering or death that is caused by not eating enough food

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5
Q

What is constipation?

A

Infrequent bowel movements causing difficulty passing faeces

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6
Q

What is scurvy caused by?

A

A lack of vitamin C

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7
Q

Give 3 sources of carbohydrates in the diet?

A

Pasta, bread, potato

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8
Q

Give 3 sources of fat in the diet

A

Oily fish, nuts, butter

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9
Q

Give 3 sources of protein in the diet

A

Meat, fish, nuts

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10
Q

Give 2 sources of Vitamin C in the diet

A

Fruit and vegetables

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11
Q

2 sources of Vitamin D

A

Oily fish and eggs

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12
Q

Give 2 sources of iron in the diet

A

Red meat & beans

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13
Q

Give 2 sources of calcium in the diet

A

Milk and cheese

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14
Q

What are the 2 main groups of dietary fibre?

A

Soluble fibre and insoluble fibre

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15
Q

Give 2 sources of soluble fibre

A

Oats and fruit

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16
Q

Give 2 sources of insoluble fibre

A

Wholemeal bread and nuts

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17
Q

What are the causes of vitamin D deficiency?

A

“Not enough sunlight
Not enough oily fish, egg yolks or fortified milk”

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18
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children which leads to weak bones which can cause deformities

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19
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency?

A

A diet lacking iron, Blood loss, Pregnancy

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20
Q

What are the effects of iron deficiency?

A

Fatigue, Dizziness, Headache, Chest pain

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21
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The intake of substances into the body through the mouth

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22
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The process of breaking down food without altering it chemically

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23
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Breaking insoluble large molecules into smaller soluble ones

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24
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process where ions and broken down food molecules move into the blood through the wall of the intestine

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25
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used

26
Q

What is egestion?

A

The removal of undigested food as waste from the anus

27
Q

What is cholera?

A

diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine

28
Q

How does the cholera bacterium cause dehydration and diarrhoea?

A

1) bacteria, produces a toxin that causes the secretion(too many) chloride ions into small intestine
-This decreases water, potential of small intestine
2) this decreased, what a potential causes water to move from the blood into the small intestine by osmosis
3) leading to diarrhoea and dehydratio

29
Q

What is the difference between the alimentary canal and the digestive system?

A

The alimentary canal involves the tubes that the food passes through whereas the digestive system also includes digestive glands

30
Q

Describe the passage of food through the alimentary canal

A

“Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum
“

31
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

“To chew and break down food
To secrete (produce) digestive enzymes”

32
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach

33
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

-churns food with its muscular walls
-Produces protease enzymes
-Produces gastric juice to kill bacteria and provide optimum acidic pH for protease

34
Q

What role does the pancreas play in digestion?

A

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

35
Q

Where are the salivary glands located?

A

In the mouth

36
Q

Name the 2 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum and ileum

37
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

The duodenum receives food directly from the stomach and uses enzymes and chemical digestion to break the food down

38
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Most nutrients are absorbed from the food in the ileum into the blood

39
Q

How is the ileum adapted to absorption?

A

The ileum is lined with villi and microvilli which provide a large surface area for absorption

40
Q

How are villi adapted for absorption?

A

Microvilli = larger surface area for faster absorption
Wall of villus one-cell-thick: shorter distance for diffusion + active transport
Network of blood capillaries: transport glucose + amino acids away from s.i. & into blood
Lacteal: runs through centre of villus to transport fatty acids & glycerol away from s.i. & into lymph

41
Q

What is the function of the large intestine (colon)?

A

Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the large intestine

42
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

“The rectum stores faeces before egestion
“

43
Q

“What is the function of incisors in mechanical digestion?
“

A

Biting and cutting

44
Q

“What is the function of canines in mechanical digestion?
“

A

Gripping and tearing

45
Q

What is the function of premolars and molars in mechanical digestion?

A

“Chewing and grinding food

Molars- crushing + grinding
Premolars- tearing and crushing

46
Q

What is the purpose of chemical digestion?

A

Breaking larger insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed

47
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starch down into simple sugars

48
Q

“Describe the digestion of starch in the alimentary canal
“

A

“Amylase is secreted and breaks starch down into maltose in the alimentary canal
Maltase breaks maltose down on the membranes of the small intestine”

49
Q

What does protease do?

A

Protease is a digestive enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino acids

50
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol

51
Q

Give 2 places in the alimentary canal that amylase is secreted

A

The pancreas, The salivary glands in the mouth

52
Q

Give 3 places in the alimentary canal that protease is secreted

A

The pancreas, The stomach, small i testine

53
Q

Where is lipase secreted?

A

The pancreas

54
Q

Give 2 examples of protease enzymes

A

Pepsin and trypsin

55
Q

Where is trypsin secreted from?

A

The small intestine

56
Q

Where is pepsin secreted from?

A

The stomach

57
Q

“Explain the functions of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
“

A

“Low (acidic) pH kills bacteria by denaturing the enzymes inside them
Low pH is the optimum pH for pepsin”

58
Q

What does bile do?

A

“Bile neutralises the stomach acid and provides alkaline conditions for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine
Bile also emulsifies fats which increases their surface area for chemical digestion”

59
Q

In which part of the alimentary canal is digested food absorbed?

A

The small intestine

60
Q

What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine?

A

Villi increase the surface area for absorption

61
Q

Describe the structure of a villus

A

“Central lacteal used for transporting fatty acids and glycerol in the lymph fluid
Lots of capillaries to absorb nutrients into the blood
Thin wall to minimise the diffusion distance”

62
Q

Where is water absorbed

A

“The small intestine (most water absorbed here)
The colon”

Biology (16 decks)

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