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Biology > Bio 14 > Flashcards

Bio 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nerve impulse?-

A

An electrical signal that passes along nerve cells (neurones)

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2
Q

What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

A

The central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system is every other part of the nervous system

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3
Q

What is a voluntary action?

A

An action completed with conscious thought and under our own will

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4
Q

What is an involuntary action?

A

An action completed without conscious thought

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5
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A

“Stimulus detected by a receptor
Impulse passed along sensory neurone to relay neurones in the CNS
Impulse passed along motor neurone to effector
Effector brings about the response”

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6
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A rapid & automatic response to a stimulus by an effector (muscle or gland)

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7
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between two neurones

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8
Q

How is an impulse transmitted between two neurones?

A

1/ electrical impulse reaches end of neurone
2/ triggers release of neurotranmitter by vesicle
3/ neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic gap
4/ it then binds to receptor on second neurone & stimulates electrical impulse

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9
Q

What is the purpose of synapses?

A

To ensure that impulses travel in one direction only

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10
Q

What are sense organs?

A

Group of receptor cells that respond to specific stimulus (light/sound/temp/touch/chemicals)

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11
Q

What is the cornea and what is its function?

A

The transparent layer in front of the eye that protects the eye from damage + refracts light

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12
Q

What is the iris and what is its function?

A

.The coloured ring around the pupil that controls how much light enters pupil

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13
Q

What is the pupil and what is its function?

A

.The pupil is the hole in the middle of the iris that lets light into the eye

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14
Q

What is the optic nerve and what is its function?

A

The nerve coming out the back of the eye that sends signals to the brain

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15
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

The lens focuses the light rays onto the retina

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16
Q

State the response of the eye to bright light

A

The pupil decreases in diameter to let less light in

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17
Q

Explain the response of the eye to bright light

A

The circular muscle contracts and the radial muscle relaxes, making the pupil smaller

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18
Q

State the response of the eye to a lack of light

A

The pupil increases in diameter to let more light in, radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax

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19
Q

Explain how the eye focuses on distant objects

A

“The ciliary muscles loosen and the suspensory ligaments pull tight
The lens becomes thinner/flatter
Light is refracted less”

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20
Q

Explain how the eye focuses on near objects

A

“The ciliary muscles contract and the suspensory ligaments loosen
The lens becomes thicker
Light is refracted more”

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21
Q

“Describe the distribution of rods and
cones in the human eye “

A

Mostly more rods than cones in the eye however in the fovea there are more cones than rods

22
Q

What is the fovea?

A

An area on the retina with lots of photosensitive cells so it has the highest visual acuity

23
Q

What is the function of rods?

A

They function in low light intensities

24
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

There are 3 different types of cone cells that all help to detect colour

25
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical secreted by a gland into the blood that changes the activity of one or more specific target organs

26
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Behind the kidneys

27
Q

What hormone do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

Adrenaline

28
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Behind the stomach

29
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin / glucagon

30
Q

What hormone do the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

31
Q

What hormone do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen

32
Q

When is adrenaline secreted?

A

During ‘fight or flight’ situations

33
Q

Give 3 effects of adrenaline

A

“Widens pupils
Increases heart rate
Increases breathing rate”

34
Q

Give 3 examples when adrenaline secretion increases

A

“During scary situations
During stressful situations
During exciting situations”

35
Q

How does adrenaline cause an increase in respiration concentration?

A

1) adrenaline causes heart to beat w/ more force = ⬆️ heart rate
2) blood delivers ⬆️ oxygen & glucose to respiring cells
3) ⬆️ aerobic respiration
4) adrenaline causes liver to break glycogen
5) this ⬆️ blood glucose = ⬆️ respiration

36
Q

Give 2 differences between the nervous system and the hormonal system

A

“Nervous Hormonal
Very fast message Slower message
Short lasting Long lasting”

37
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment within set limits despite external change

38
Q

What mechanism is used to achieve homeostasis?

A

A negative feedback mechanism

39
Q

What does insulin do in the body?

A

Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration
Bc: stimulates liver + muscle cells to take in glucose & convert excess into glycogen (storage)

40
Q

What does glucagon do in the body?

A

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by increasing the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

41
Q

How type 1 diabetes treated?

A

“Insulin injections
Diet monitoring
“

42
Q

Give 2 processes involving the skin that cool the body down

A

“Sweating - Cools the body by evaporation
Vasodilation - Allows blood to flow closer to the surface of the skin where it can cool”

43
Q

Give 3 processes that work to keep the body warm

A

“Vasoconstriction
Shivering
Erection of hairs on the skin”

44
Q

Describe the process of vasodilation

A

“The body detects a rise in temperature
Arterioles near skin dilate
More blood flows through capillaries in surface layers of skin
More heat lost from skin
Temp lowered

45
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Phototropism is the growth of a plant towards or away a light source.

46
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

“Gravitropism is the growth of a plant towards or away of gravity.

The roots are positively gravitropic (they grow down in the same direction as the pull of gravity).
“

47
Q

What is auxin and what does it do in shoots?

A

It is a hormone that causes cell elongation in shoots

48
Q

Are shoots positively or negatively phototropic?

A

Postively phototropic

49
Q

Are shoots positively or negatively geotropic?

A

Negatively geotropic

50
Q

Describe how auxin controls shoot growth towards the sun

A

Auxin is:
produced in tips of shoots
unevenly ditributed
prefers shaded side of leaf
Auxin causes cell elongation therefore growing towards the sun

51
Q

Explain how auxin controls shoot growth away from gravity

A

Gravity produces more auxin on the bottom side of the shoot causing it to enlogate away from gravity

52
Q

Why do plants need auxin

A

To absorb more light
Light is needed for photosynthesis

Biology (16 decks)

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