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Bio Test Four Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Energy?

A

the capacity to do work.

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2
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

When you are using the energy to do something. The energy of motion.

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3
Q

Potential Energy

A

When you are storing the energy for another time. Going to store energy in any shape or form.

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4
Q

Oxidation

A

when you have a molecule and be losing some type of electron.

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5
Q

Reduction

A

Gaining some type of electron.

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6
Q

Reducing power

A

The ability of organisms to store energy and molecules by transferring electrons to them.

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7
Q

The first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed it can only change from one form to another.

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8
Q

Heat

A

measure of the random motion of molecules

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9
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of a disorder of a system.

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10
Q

Free Energy

A

Amount of energy available to break and form other chemical bonds.; the energy available to do work

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11
Q

G = H - TS

A

G: Free Energy
H: Enthalpy - the energy contained in a molecules chemical bond (ex: food)
T: Absolute Temperature
S: Entropy

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12
Q

Endergonic

A

+g Any reaction that requires an input of energy.

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13
Q

Exergonic

A

Any reaction that requires the excess free energy as heat.

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14
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initial a chemical reaction. The energy you need to start a reaction.

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15
Q

Which statement does not describe the structure of ATP?

A

You need ribose, adenine, and a triphosphate group

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16
Q

______ occurs when energy is transferred from one molecule to another and are used in many different biological processes. Fill in the blank.

A

Redox Reaction

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17
Q

What is often a byproduct of a chemical reaction (according to the First Law of Thermodynamics)?

A

Heat

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18
Q

Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

The Second Law of Thermodynamics - just because energy is there, that doesn’t mean that everything you consume, you can get something from because some of it is going to be waste material; disorder is more likely than order (the chances of you eating something and using every single piece of it is basically impossible)

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19
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

A

G = H - TS

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20
Q

How are catalysts useful for completing chemical reactions?

A

Catalysts lower the activation energy needed to begin a chemical process (reaction goes faster)

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21
Q

How does ATP store and release energy (know the specific bond we discussed)?

A

ATP stores energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups which have a low activation energy to be broken; they can release a lot of energy when broken.

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22
Q

What is the difference between the structures of ATP and ADP (there is only one main difference we discussed in class)?

A

ATP has 3 phosphates and ADP has 2 phosphates

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23
Q

Know the ATP cycle below. You will have to label the steps of this reaction if this question is chosen by Excel.

A

You have ATP, you add water, and through a hydrolysis reaction, water breaks apart the ATP (take a phosphate off) into 2 pieces: ADP and the extra phosphate that was taken off, energy for endergonic cellular processes is now available, Pi stands for the extra phosphate that was broken off, then you add the phosphate back to the ADP

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24
Q

Cells use proteins called ______ as catalysts to lower activation energy during chemical reactions. Fill in the blank.

A

Enzymes

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25
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule that will undergo the reaction

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26
Q

active site of an enzyme

A

a place where the substrate binds to an enzyme at that specific area.

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27
Q

What is the definition of an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

when the substrate and the enzyme are connected and different chemical processes take place inside of that area

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28
Q

What is the definition of a multienzyme?

A

when several enzymes catalyze different steps of a sequence of reactions and are associated with one another in non-covalently bonded assemblies

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29
Q

Which is not an advantage of using multienzymes versus regular enzymes?

A

The rate of the process is much faster

The reacting substance doesn’t leave the complex while it goes through a series of reactions (unwanted side reactions are prevented)

All of the reactions that take place within the multienzyme complex can be controlled as a unit so the chances of something going wrong is minimal

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30
Q

_________ are chemical components which assist in an enzyme’s function. ______ are when the cofactor is a non-protein organic molecules (i.e. vitamins). Fill in the blanks.

A

Cofactors and Coenzyme

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31
Q

For specific enzymes, what happens when a cofactor is not attached to its designed enzyme?

A

The substrate would not be able to attach itself

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32
Q

Which statement explains how temperature and pH can affect enzymes?

A

Temperature: If you increase the temperature, it will usually increase the rate of the reaction, by only up to the point called the optimum temperature (where you will have the highest rate of reaction, but if you go past this, the rate will go down

pH: there is an optimum pH (all of the enzymes will have this)

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33
Q

What is the definition of an enzymatic inhibitor?

A

substances that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity; can bind to something called the active site or the allosteric site

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34
Q

What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

Competitive Inhibitor - interferes with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind; competes with the substrate for the same active site and displaces a percentage of substrate molecules from the enzyme

Noncompetitive - has to do with the allosteric site

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35
Q

What is the definition of an allosteric site of an enzyme?

A

serves as a chemical on-and-off switch within the enzyme

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36
Q

What is the definition of either an (a) allosteric inhibitor or (b) allosteric activator?

A

Allosteric Inhibitor - when you have an inhibitor attached to the allosteric site; it changes the shape of the enzyme so it can not bind to the substrate

Allosteric Activator - has to be attached to a allosteric site to keep enzymes in their active configuration; opposite of the inhibitor

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37
Q

What is the definition of a biochemical pathway?

A

a reaction occurring involving enzymes; the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction

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38
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

the total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

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39
Q

What is the difference between the metabolic processes of catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism - the reactions that harvest energy when chemical bonds are broken (when you eat food)

Anabolism - is the type of reaction that expends energy to make or transform chemical bonds

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40
Q

Many different biochemical pathways regulate their metabolic processes by using feedback inhibition pathways. What is the definition of feedback inhibition?

A

a type of biochemical pathway in which the final product becomes the allosteric inhibitor for the first enzyme in the pathway

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41
Q

What is the definition of cellular respiration?

A

The metabolic harvest of energy by oxidation

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42
Q

What chemical process “runs the show” regarding the process of cellular respiration?

A

Oxidation Reduction Reaction (sometimes referred to as Redox Reaction)

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43
Q

What is the one main difference between the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration discussed in class?

A

Aerobic process: needs oxygen

Anaerobic process: uses inorganic molecules instead of oxygen

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44
Q

Fermentation is a type of _______________ respiration and takes place when the final electron acceptor is an/a ________________ molecule. Fill in the blanks.

A

Anaerobic & Inorganic

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45
Q

What is the overall equation of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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46
Q

Why is cellular respiration considered a catabolic process?

A

It involves breaking down complex biomolecular substances such as glucose

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47
Q

What takes place when one says “substrate-level phosphorylation” has occurred?

A

ADP → ATP

taking something that’s not considered energy and then creating it with the help of enzymes, to transform it into ATP

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48
Q

Glycolysis is the first process which occurs during cellular respiration. Where in the cell does this process take place?

A

The cytoplasm

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49
Q

Glycolysis is the first process which occurs during cellular respiration. What is the overall equation of this process?

A

Glucose(6C) → 2 pyruvates (3C + 3C) + 2 ATP + 4NADH

50
Q

After glycolysis occurs within an organism, what are the two possible processes which can occur afterwards? The presence of what molecule decides which process will take place?

A

Pyruvate Oxidation & Krebs Cycle. The oxygen molecule.

51
Q

What is the overall equation for pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate (3C) → Co2 (1C) + 2 Acetyl-CoA (2C coenzyme) + NADH

52
Q

What is the overall equation for the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl - CoA → Co2 + ATP + NAD H + FADH2

53
Q

What is the overall equation for the ETC (electron transport chain)?

A

NADH + FADH2 → H2O + ATP + NAD + FAD

54
Q

Anaerobic respiration can have many different types of final electron acceptors by the end of this metabolic pathway. Which of these statements do not describe any of the possible examples discussed in class?

A

Methanogens: type of bacteria that uses carbon dioxide (gas) or most inorganic compounds

Ex. When a cow farts it releases methane, it’s not the cow doing this, it’s the bacteria in its gut producing the methane, thus causing its release.

55
Q

Glycolysis is the first process that occurs during cellular respiration. Which of these statements describes the reactants and products of the first step called glucose priming?

A

Glucose Priming: 2 things bond together to produce diphosphate. The word glucose is a sign that you start and end up with 6 carbon sugars.

56
Q

Glycolysis is the first process that occurs during cellular respiration. Which of these statements describe the reactants and products of the second step called cleavage and rearrangement?

A

Cleavage and Rearrangement: You split the 6 Carbon sugars in two and cut it. A little bit of energy (ATP) is required to begin the process.

57
Q

Glycolysis is the first process that occurs during cellular respiration. Which of these statements describes the reactants and products of the third step called oxidation?

A

Oxidation (NADH formed): removing hydrogen to make NADH

58
Q

Glycolysis is the first process that occurs during cellular respiration. Which of these statements describe the reactants and products of the fourth step called ATP generation?

A

ATP Generation: 2G3P → 4ATP + 2 pyruvates (3 carbon each)

59
Q

After NADH is produced from the process of glycolysis, which statement does not describe how can it be used within the cell?

A

Aerobic Respiration: In eukaryotic cells and if oxygen is present, aerobic respiration will take place in the mitochondria. NADH is used at the end of the process in the ETC. Specifically, the H is removed and used to make ATP.

60
Q

Once glycolysis is complete, the first step within the first process of aerobic respiration is the oxidation of pyruvate. Where in the mitochondria does this process take place?

A

intermembrane space

61
Q

Once glycolysis is complete, the first step within the first process of aerobic respiration is the oxidation of pyruvate. What is the equation of this process?

A

Pyruvate + NAD+ +CoA → Acetyl - CoA + NADH

62
Q

After pyruvate oxidation is complete, acetyl Co-A is produced. Which statement describes a way acetyl-CoA can be used within your body?

A

Energy Storage: The body will store as much energy as it needs and anything else consumed becomes extra. The extra is useless and is eventually converted into fat. This is how weight gain occurs.

Krebs Cycle: If energy levels are low then ATP will be produced. This happens because Acetyl-CoA goes through a process called the Krebs cycle

63
Q

After pyruvate oxidation is complete, acetyl Co-A is produced. Acetyl Co-A can then be used within your cells in two main ways. ______________ takes place if the ATP level is high within the cell and ______________ takes place if the ATP level is low within your cell. Fill in the blanks.

A

Energy Storage & Krebs Cycle

64
Q

Where within the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle (the citric acid cycle) take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix (basically in the center)

65
Q

Which statement describes any steps, reactants, or products of segment A of the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA is attached to 4 carbon molecules called oxaloacetate. CoA kickstarts the program. Once the molecules are together in the Matrix, CoA will detach and go back to pyruvate oxidation to be reloaded. You’re then left with a 6-carbon molecule, called
citrate

66
Q

Which statement describes any steps, reactants, or products of segment B of the Krebs cycle?

A

Step 1: one of the carbons will be removed and attached to oxygen and you’ll be left with carbon dioxide. When you remove stuff (oxidize) Hydrogen is released so it bonds with NAD+ and forms NADH (goes to ETC). The last thing left is a 5-carbon molecule because 1 was broken off.

Step 2: Another carbon is broken off, what was once citrate, then carbon dioxide gets created. Then again NADH gets created. And because you removed another carbon you’re left with a 4-carbon molecule.

Step 3: You are creating a tiny bit of ATP, because you take the 4 carbon molecules, which at one point had phosphates, and you’re removing those phosphates to create very little ATP

67
Q

Which statement describes any steps, reactants, or products of segment C of the Krebs cycle?

A

You have a 4-carbon molecule. It’ll be oxidized and stays 4 carbons the entire time, but you are taking hydrogens off and creating some double bonds instead. FADH2 is created alongside NADH because the hydrogens are removed NAD and FAD are reduced. Will end with 4 carbon molecules, no decarboxylation. To create energy FADH and NADH are sent to ETC

68
Q

Where within the mitochondria does the ETC (electron transport chain) take place?

A

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

69
Q

What is the proper order of the enzymes and carriers used within the electron transport chain?

A

NADH Dehydrogenase, Ubiquinone (Q), Intermediate Step, BC1 Complex, Cytochrome C, and Cytochrome Oxidase

70
Q

The electron transport chain is an area that accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of NADH dehydrogenase within the ETC?

A

NADH is put in an enzyme, removes its hydrogen, and becomes NAD+. And the Hydrogen will go to an area where it’ll drive a gradient that eventually powers the pump; energy is simultaneously being released

71
Q

The electron transport chain is an area that accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of Ubiquinone (Q) within the ETC?

A

carrier that passes the electrons along the electron chain

72
Q

The electron transport chain is an area that accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of the BC1 complex within the ETC?

A

Operates as a proton pump driving protons across the membrane

73
Q

The electron transport chain is an area that accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of Cytochrome c within the ETC?

A

Another carrier that moves electrons along the chain

74
Q

The electron transport chain is an area that accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of Cytochrome oxidase within the ETC?

A

It takes the unwanted hydrogens from the matrix and crating water

75
Q

Which statement accurately describes how the ATP is produced at the end of the ETC (know ALL information we discussed about the proton gradient and how it works)?

A

The hydrogen comes in through the pump, being turned like a turbine, to create ATP, driven also by a proton gradient.

76
Q

What occurs during the process of chemiosmosis?

A

Just means you are producing ATP. Chemical formation of ATP driven by a diffusion
force.

77
Q

The electron transport chain is an area that accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of ATP synthase within the ETC?

A

Enzyme used to create ATP; Means you are synthesizing ATP

78
Q

Which statement does not describe a step of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A

Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system, electrons provide energy to
pump protons across the membrane, oxygen joins with protons to form water, protons
diffuse back down their concentration gradient, driving the synthesis of ATP

79
Q

What is the theoretical and actual yield of ATP produced by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes?

A

Theoretical Yield: The amount of ATP produced in a perfect situation

Actual Yield: Actual amount of ATP produced in a mammals body relative to the
setbacks due to entropy

80
Q

Why is the actual yield of ATP produced during aerobic respiration less than the theoretical yield which should occur? (know the two reasons we discussed in class)

A

Because of a leaky membrane and the proton gradient

81
Q

Due to varying reasonings discussed in class, aerobic respiration only uses ___________ (percent) of energy within one original glucose molecule. Fill in the blank.

A

32

82
Q

Aerobic respiration has different control points along its enzymatic pathway to not allow it to continue unless needed. One of the first control points occurs during glycolysis using the enzyme called phosphofructokinase. What things occurring in your cell can turn this enzyme on and off? (know all the conditions we discussed in class)

A

High levels of ADP → process turns on

High ATP present → this will stay off

83
Q

Aerobic respiration has different control points along its enzymatic pathway to not allow it to continue unless needed. The second control point occurs right before the Krebs cycle begins using the enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase. What things occurring in your cell can turn this enzyme on and off? (know all the conditions we discussed in class)

A

Low levels of citrate → this will turn on and allow process to happen

High levels of Citrate → cycle won’t begin (because you don’t need it)

High NADH → turn off (no reason to produce anymore)

Low levels of NADH → turns on (you probably need the energy)

84
Q

Aerobic respiration has different control points along its enzymatic pathway to not allow it to continue unless needed. The third control point occurs at the beginning of the Krebs cycle using the enzyme called citrate synthase. What things occurring in your cell can turn this enzyme on and off? (know all the conditions we discussed in class)

A

High levels of ATP → turn off (not need to create process)

Low levels of ATP → turn on to create ATP

85
Q

According to the Fermentation video, which of these is not the four kinds of cells that can handle the no oxygen environment?

A
86
Q

According to the Fermentation video, does fermentation produce more or less ATP than aerobic respiration?

A
87
Q

Which statement does not accurately describe the steps of ethanol fermentation?

A

Done by yeast, not by the use, or production of alcohol. Steps:
1. Glycolysis (same for any organism doing glucose catabolism)
2. Pyruvate
3. Ethanol created

88
Q

Why is it bad if an organism keeps on completing ethanol fermentation within a closed container where the ethanol cannot escape as it is created?

A

Can’t be used for a long period of time within a closed container because if it has more than 12% then it’ll kill the species producing it. Bacteria and yeast can only handle certain levels of ethanol. When the container is open it’s different because things can evaporate.

89
Q

Which statement does not accurately describe the steps of lactic fermentation?

A

Start with pyruvate, then add NADH, Remove H, add it to the pyruvate and then Lactate is created

90
Q

Why is it a bad thing if an organism produced too much lactate during the fermentation process within the muscle cells?

A

Too much lactate in the muscle is bad, that’s why too much burn is bad, it’ll create scar tissue and can eventually debilitate someone’s body parts.

91
Q

Glucose is not the only source of energy for our bodies. Which of these macromolecules can also be broken down for energy? (know the information we discussed on the chart on chapter seven slide twenty-seven)

A

Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Fats

92
Q

Which statement describes deamination?

A

Deamination: proteins are being broken down and the byproduct is urine/urea

The process of breaking down a protein is called this because you are removing the amino acid group from the proteins itself; the byproduct is urea/urine is formed

93
Q

Which statement describes β-oxidation?

A

Beta-oxidation: fat is being broken down, and the end product is acetyl CoA

breaking down fatty acids + glycerol, multiple redox reactions occur to end with acetyl CoA, run by redox reactions

94
Q

The respiration of six-carbon fatty acid yields _____ (percent) more ATP than the respiration of glucose. Fill in the blank.

A

20%

95
Q

A fatty acid will also weigh ______ (percent or fraction) less than a glucose molecule of the same size (so it can contain more kilocalories in less space). Fill in the blank.

A

⅔ or 66%

96
Q

According to the video Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8, how long ago did the first organism use the process of photosynthesis?

A
97
Q

According to the video Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8, what three physical components (morphological parts) allow vascular plants to complete photosynthesis?

A

Water, Carbon Dioxide, & the Sun

98
Q

According to the video Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8, within a chloroplast, there is a thylakoid that stores chlorophyll. The thylakoids are stacked into _____________, inside the thylakoids is the ______________, and outside the thylakoids (and technically surrounding it) is the _______________. Fill in the blanks.

A

grana, lumen, & stroma

99
Q

Photosynthesis cannot occur in which of these organisms?

A

Photosynthesis CAN OCCUR in Bacteria (some), Algae + Protists, leaves and stems of plants

100
Q

Which statement describes the overall steps of the light-dependent reactions occurring during photosynthesis?

A

1(need sunlight energy to make atp and NADPH), have chloroplast 2, then can start process; Sunlight kickstart reaction, without 2 things can’t take next step

101
Q

Which statement describes the overall steps of the light-independent reactions occurring during photosynthesis?

A

Don’t need sunlight

102
Q

What is the overall equation of the process of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy → Glucose (carbon fixation) + 6H2O + 6O2

103
Q

Chloroplasts carry out the photosynthetic process. Know the different parts of the chloroplast we discussed in class (i.e. be able to label the different parts)

A

Thylakoids: little stacked plates
Stroma: liquid outside granum
Photosystems: antennas where light will be brought to thylakoids, captures all light energy

104
Q

Where within a chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

Granum

105
Q

Where within a chloroplast do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

Stroma

106
Q

_______________ are found within thylakoids and are capable of capturing photons which are used as energy during the photosynthetic process. Fill in the blank.

A

Photosystems

107
Q

What were the findings of (a) Jan Baptista van Helmont (b) Joseph Priestly, (c) Jan Ingenhousz, (d) F.F. Blackman, (e) C.B. van Niel, or (f) Robin Hill regarding photosynthetic processes?

A

Jan Baptista - He weighed plants to see if the amount of soil lost was from the plant and this was not true

Joseph Priestly & Jan Ingenhousz worked together - they did experiments using candles, mice, and plants to see what a plant creates and they discovered that the green parts of the plant do go and create photosynthesis and produce oxygen (they discovered the outcome of photosynthesis)

F.F. Blackman - found that capturing photosynthetic energy requires sunlight (you need sunlight to create ATP for light-dependent reactions); he also discovered that enzymes run the show, not sunlight

C.B. Van Niel - decided that photosynthesis splits water molecules, giving us oxygen gas

Robin Hill - he discovered what carbon fixation is (converting Co2 into an organic molecule)

108
Q

A _________________ is a particle of light that contains energy and the ____________ the wavelength, the greater its available energy. Fill in the blanks.

A

photon & shorter

109
Q

A beam of light is able to remove electrons from certain molecules creating an electric current called a ____________________ and it occurs when photons transfer energy to electrons. Fill in the blank.

A

photoelectric effect

110
Q

________________ is the range of efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing. Fill in the blanks.

A

The Absorption Spectrum

111
Q

How do you know what colors on the visible light spectrum a plant is absorbing without running any type of experiment? (know what we discussed about reflecting and absorbing wavelengths affecting the color of a leaf)

A

Because every color is being reflected, then the opposite is being absorbed (If blues and greens are being absorbed, then a reddish color would be reflected)

112
Q

Pigments are molecules that are good absorbers of light in the visible range. Which pigment within most plants is considered the main pigment that can act directly to convert large quantities of light energy?

A

Chlorophyll A

113
Q

According to the video Why Aren’t Plant Black, we know that most plants do not absorb green on the light spectrum. Which statement explains the five hamburger theory which explains why this happens?

A
114
Q

According to the video Why Aren’t Plants Black, we know that most plants do not absorb green on the light spectrum. Which statement explains the greedy hamburgular theory which explains why this happens?

A
115
Q

According to the video Why Aren’t Plants Black, we know that most plants do not absorb green on the light spectrum. Which statement explains the purple theory that has nothing to do with the hamburgers theory which explains why this happens?

A
116
Q

_______________ are pigments that are not always highly efficient in transferring light (they prefer to absorb only blue wavelengths) and are also found in all three domains of life (usually as antioxidants in animals). Fill in the blank.

A

Carotenoids

117
Q

Photosystems are composed of two closely linked components. Which statement accurately describes one of those components?

A

Antenna complex - has hundreds of molecules (like chlorophyll) that gather the energy that it is going to need, then sends it to the reaction center

Reaction center - where all of the information and energy gets passed out, allowing for all of the processes to be able to happen

118
Q

Which statement does not describe a difference discussed in class between cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation?

A

Cyclic - is only going to use 1 photosystem only; does not produce any oxygen in any steps

Noncyclic - it will produce oxygen and ATP; you have to use 2 photosystems

119
Q

What is a similarity discussed in class between cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation?

A

Oxygen and ATP with still be produced along with a photon gradient

120
Q

Why does using two photosystems instead of one create an enhancement effect?

A

Because you can obtain more energy by using more photosystems

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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