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Biology 101 > Bio Test Five Review > Flashcards

Bio Test Five Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic definition of binary fission?

A

Separation of a bacterial cell/genetic information into 2

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2
Q

Which statement is false regarding the genome (genetic material) characteristics of prokaryotes (bacteria)?

A

Genetic characteristics different to humans, the following are for bacterial cells:
Singular Circular DNA molecule: we have a double helix with chromosomes and chromatids, they don’t have that. Eventually will become two cells that will be genetically similar. When you use binary fission you are just making carbon copies

Length: The length of the actual genetic material can be 500x longer than the cell itself. It’s wrapped multiple times, like yarn and then reduced. This is done to compress the material and make the circular looking shape.

Nucleoid: found in prokaryotes, contain genetic information
- Nucleus is only for eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Which statement does not accurately describe the process of binary fission?

A

The Process of Binary Fission

DNA replication → Elongating the Cell Membrane → DNA Strand Movement → Septum Formation → FtzZ → Daughter Cells

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4
Q

Which eukaryotic kingdom of organisms have the most chromosomes on average per individual?

A

Plants will always have the highest quantity of chromosomes.

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5
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have within their normal body cells?

A

46 chromosomes

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6
Q

If someone is considered monosomy regarding their chromosomes, what does that mean?

A

losing 1 chromosome (45 in every cell instead of 46)
- Only females can get this

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7
Q

If someone is considered trisomy regarding their chromosomes, what does that mean?

A

Having an extra chromosome like down syndrome

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8
Q

Know this flow chart and understand the order of smallest to largest (it will be shown after number nine).

A

DNA (double helix) → Proteins Histones (nucleosome) → large scale solenoid → eventually chromosome (all during interphase once all formed you are in mitosis)

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9
Q

What is the one main difference between chromosomes and chromatin? (we covered this before on prior tests and in class)

A

Chromatin: thread-like not condensed DNA, doubled during interphase
- Like an open book, so better for genetic
expression and actually getting information

Chromosomes: condensed DNA that can be visually seen, during mitosis
- Really only for transporting DNA because it’s
so condensed that it’s hard to understand or
even open so we use it only for mitosis,
closed book

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10
Q

Regarding chromosome and chromatin structures, within the ________, every 200 nucleotides, the DNA duplex is coiled around a core of eight histone proteins. Fill in the blank.

A

Nucleosomes

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11
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

the chromosomal makeup of a person

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12
Q

Regarding chromosome and chromatin structures, a string of nucleosomes wraps into higher-order coiled called ___________. Fill in the blank.

A

Solenoids

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13
Q

According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, why are chromosomes packed so tightly? (there are two reasons, know both of them)

A

You need to fit a lot of DNA into the nucleus

Need tightly packed DNA to make the transfer of DNA/information into other cells easier

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14
Q

According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, chromosomes are bound in a region called the ______________. Fill in the blank.

A

Centromere

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15
Q

According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, during what phase of mitosis are karyotypes stained and observed? Why?

A

They are stained during the metaphase for optimal viewing because sometimes it’s hard to see the pairings

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16
Q

According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, twenty-two pairs of your chromosomes are called autosomes. What does this mean?

A

They are not related to your biological sex

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17
Q

According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, the last pair of chromosomes (pair twenty-three) are called sex chromosomes. What does them mean? How are male and female sex chromosomes different?

A

Sex chromosomes determine the biological sex of the offspring. Females have 2 X chromosomes and males have 1 Y and 1 X chromosome. Typically the male is the determining factor in the sex of a baby because women only have 1 type to offer.

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18
Q

What is the difference between the terms haploid and diploid?

A

Haploid: one set of chromosomes (n)

Diploid: two sets of chromosomes (2n)

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19
Q

What does the term homologous mean regarding chromosomes?

A

Homologous: the same chromosomes, very similar genetic information
- One from mom one from dad, what
happens in mitosis is they double up and
split from one cell to a new cell

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20
Q

During interphase, after the replication of the chromosomes occurs, each chromosome now consists of two _______________ before mitosis begins. Fill in the blank.

A

Sister Chromatids

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21
Q

Sister chromatids are attached together at the _____________, which is the condensed area of the chromosome. Fill in the blank.

A

Kinectochores

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22
Q

Which statement describes what occurs during the G1 stage of interphase?

A

Primary growth

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23
Q

Which statement describes what occurs during the S stage of interphase?

A

Replicate genome

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24
Q

Which statement does not describe what occurs during the G2 stage of interphase?

A

Replication of organelles
Chromosomes condense
Microtubules assembling

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25
Q

Which statement does not describe the basic overview steps of mitosis we discussed in chapter ten slide fourteen?

A

Mitosis:
Microtubules Apparatus Assembles
Chromosomes line up
Spindles bind on the Chromosomes
Sister chromatids are moved apart

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26
Q

Which is not a stage (phase) of mitosis?

A

P: prophase
M: metaphase
A: anaphase
T: telophase

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27
Q

What is the simple definition of cytokinesis which takes place at the end of mitosis?

A

The splitting of the cell

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28
Q

What is the difference between the cytokinetic processes of plant and animal cells?

A

Uses actin to separate if it is an animal cell
- Wrap around that last bit of cell that
continues to cling and cut it off
Uses cellulose (cell plate) to separate for a plant cell, this is grown

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29
Q

Interphase and mitosis can take twenty-four hours to years to complete the cycle depending on the type of cell. The ___________ phase is when the DNA replication is in a resting state (most cells are usually in this state). Fill in the blank.

A

G0

30
Q

According to the video Mitosis – The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply, during the cell cycle, ninety-percent of the time the cell is completing ____________ and ten percent of the time _____________. Fill in the blanks.

A

Interphase & Mitosis

31
Q

According to the video Mitosis – The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply, during interphase, you go from having 46 chromosomes and 46 chromatids to 46 chromosomes (still) and 92 chromatids. Why?

A

During Interphase the amount of chromatids is doubled however chromosomes are still counted by their centromeres so there are still technically 46 chromosomes. But since each chromosome is a pair of sister chromatids there are 92 chromatids.

32
Q

During the stage of interphase, where do the microtubules begin to attach to a sister chromatid?

A

You will have a nucleus with chromosomes and they need to be pulled apart to other ends → connected to microtubules → in animal cell are connected to Kinetochore and are pulled apart by the centrioles

33
Q

During the stage of interphase, centrioles start to be produced. What is their general function once mitosis begins?

A

help move the chromosomes to different poles of the cell

34
Q

What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of interphase has now turned into the prophase of mitosis? (we discussed one main thing in class)

A

When chromatin is present you are still in interphase the second all chromosomes are present your are in prophase

35
Q

Which statement does not describe what occurs during the prophase stage of mitosis? (know everything in detail we discussed in chapter ten slide nineteen)

A

Slowly going to move chromosomes to get them to the middle. All the parts are already formed (spindle fibers, spindle apparatus, and centrioles which begin to move to opposite ends as well in order to pull). The nuclear envelope will also begin to disintegrate in order to get chromosomes out and pulled apart. The spindle apparatus will go to either pole.

36
Q

What is the difference between the plant and animal prophase stage of mitosis (we discussed one main difference)?

A

Aster formation: when you have a radial array of microtubules towards the plasma membrane, only applies to animal cells and prophase

Plant cells: don’t have any type of aster formation or centrioles, they can’t split the same way as animal cells because of cellulose
- Cellulose: beta form of glucose and is very thick
compared to an alpha form of glucose, which is
just normal sugar. They make up cell wall so
makes splitting a lot more difficult

37
Q

What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of prophase of mitosis has now turned into metaphase of mitosis?

A

Once all the chromosomes are lined up in the middle

38
Q

Which statement does not describe what occurs during the metaphase stage of mitosis? (know everything in detail we discussed on chapter ten slide twenty)

A

Chromosomes are lined up single file in the middle, there is an imaginary perpendicular line called the metaphase plate.

39
Q

What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of metaphase of mitosis has now turned into anaphase of mitosis?

A

the second the chromosomes begin to be pulled apart and move from the equator anaphase begins, the homologous pairs begin to pull apart

40
Q

Which statement does not describe what occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis? (know everything in detail we discussed on chapter ten slide twenty-one)

A

Chromatids begin to separate. They are moving from the equator to opposite poles of the cell. All homologous pairs are separated. Microtubules get recycled after being removed from the kinetochores Microtubules get shorter and disintegrate for other stuff, however they don’t last long, but they are in constant flux. Chromatids go to opposite ends.

41
Q

What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of anaphase of mitosis has now turned into telophase of mitosis?

A

When they are finished getting pulled to both sides telophase begins.

42
Q

Which statement does not describe what occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis? (know everything in detail we discussed on chapter ten slide twenty-two)

A

A cell plate will begin to form, not actin filament (for animal cells). Remember this helps the separation. They are in tight bundles at the poles of the cell. Really what’s occurring is the opposite of prophase
- Cytoskeleton: parts of microtubules were disassembled → built-in prophase
- Kinetochores: disappearing because they’ve been use
→ formed in prophase
- Nuclear envelope: begins to form over chromosomes
→ disintegrated in prophase
- Chromosomes: uncoil to become chromatin again →
condensed in prophase
- Nucleolus: start to reappear, makes protein → broke
apart nucleus in prophase

43
Q

Which statement accurately describes the end product of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells made

44
Q

Why do plant cells not use actin to separate their cells at the end of telophase (during cytokinesis)?

A

Because plant cells have cellulose actin filament does not work to cut off the cell. Instead they use something called a cell plate. The middle lamella is the sticky liquid that forms with the cellulose so using actin filament, would get it stuck. By the time there are the bundles of chromosomes they get filled with cellulose middle lamella. They push and grow against this wall formed by cellulose and middle lamella.

45
Q

How can cytokinesis (and mitosis in general) differ in fungi and protists compared to plant and animal cells (we discussed a few ways in class on the chapter ten slide twenty-four)?

A

Fungi: Their entire process of mitosis happens exclusively inside the nucleus. The envelope does not dissolve until the end of mitosis, and that’s when they split.

Protists: There are so many ways to do it there is no one way.

46
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what can be a basic definition of cancer?

A

Mutated cells that aren’t regulated and divide too frequently.

47
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, which statement does not describe a reason a cell can become cancerous?

A

Genetic Links, exposure to toxins, radiation, and excessive UV light

48
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the G1/S checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?

A

The cell checks how it’s growing as well as for damaged DNA. It also makes sure if it has the necessary resources. During S it replicates DNA.

49
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the G2/M checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?

A

Similar to G1 and G2 it checks if the DNA replicated correctly and if it’s growing enough, as well as resource levels. During M it checks if the chromosomes are being properly lined up and attached to the spindle correctly.

50
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the spindle (M) checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?

A

During M it checks if the chromosomes are being properly lined up and if they are attached to the spindle correctly.

51
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what happens when a cell does not meet a requirement of any cell cycle checkpoint?

A

Apoptosis: cell self destructs

Pauses the process until the issue is solved

52
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what (or which component of a cell) is regulating mitosis?

A

Proteins (positive and negative regulators)

53
Q

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what is the negative regular p53 responsible for?

A

Initiates apoptosis

54
Q

Which statement describes an irreversible step of the cell cycle once it begins (and the reason we have checkpoints)?

A

S phase: Once you replicate DNA you can’t undo that, the only way to eliminate an error is to do apoptosis.

Anaphase: once they separate by the beginning of telophase you cannot go backward. They’re lined up single-filed and then split apart but you can’t put them back together.

55
Q

The /S cell division checkpoint is the point during which _______________ (positive regulatory signals which are proteins that stimulate cell division) affect the cell cycle. For example, ______________ initiates an amplifying chain of internal cell signals that stimulate cell division. Fill in the blanks.

A

Growth factors & PDGF

56
Q

What is the function of our p53 gene regarding the cell cycle?

A

monitors the integrity of DNA (sees if it’s damaged) and helps to fix before everything

57
Q

What can happen to your cell cycle if (a) one copy or (b) both copies of your p53 gene is absent or damaged beyond use?

A

The p53 can repair or cause death of the cell. You have two: one from mom and one from dad, if you are missing one you can still do the process. However, if you don’t have either of the tumor-suppressing genes then you are more susceptible to cancer and other genetic diseases because you have nothing flagging repairs or abnormalities; there’s nothing as versatile as the p53.

58
Q

What is the (a) definition or (b) function of proto-oncogenes?

A

If something is proto-oncogene then it refers to possible cells or genes that can result in cancer. They are the normal cellular genes that become oncogenes when mutated

- Any type of mutation that can lead to a cancerous 
  cell

Promotes cyclins and Cdks, receptor growth factor mutation, when there is an error in the growth factor and as a result, cancerous cells can be replicated

59
Q

What can occur within your cell cycle if one mutant copy of a proto-oncogene becomes present?

A

If there is one copy that’s causing a problem then your entire body can potentially be endangered because it could end up replicating and as a result causing cancer.

60
Q

What is the (a) definition or (b) function of tumor-suppressing genes?

A

Act to inhibit the cell cycle if needed
Ex. p53 (if there is too much and can’t be repaired it’ll inhibit process)

61
Q

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, what is the basic reason we have not simply found a “magic bullet” to curing all types of cancer?

A

Because cancers don’t work the same, each one develops differently in their own way and can originate in any type of tissue. Cancer is not a single disease.

62
Q

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, what is the one thing all cancers have in common?

A

Uncontrolled cell division

63
Q

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, why might most cancer drugs not work for all patients with the same type of cancer?

A

There can be thousands of possible combinations of mutations going on a cell. Every single tumor can follow a different genetic path and it makes it harder to know what to target.

64
Q

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, even with the new discoveries in medicine, why can we not have personalized medicine currently?

A

Scientists haven’t found and effective way to test theses drugs or figured out a way to use them on people

65
Q

Which statement describes the research completed by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (in 1887) that lead to a new biological discovery?

A

First person to study what a chromosome was. He found that there were different amounts of chromosomes in different cells; specifically, he noted that body cells and cells near the reproductive organ had different amounts. (Ex. muscle cells and sperm cells, the sperm will have half the amount of chromosomes

66
Q

Meiosis involves the production of _____________ (for example eggs and sperm) and mitosis involves the production of ____________ cells (i.e. body cells). Fill in the blanks.

A

Gametes & Somatic

67
Q

During the process of sexual reproduction, egg and sperm fuse to produce a single cell called a _____________. Fill in the blank.

A

Zygote

68
Q

The fusion of gametes (one egg and one sperm) to form a new cell is called ___________ (i.e. fertilization). Fill in the blank.

A

Syngamy

69
Q

Why is meiosis called reduction division?

A

You’re going from 46 chromosomes to 92 chromosomes within 2 cells to then 23 spread amongst 4 individual cells.

70
Q

What is a difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (we discussed a few different answers to this question in class)?

A

Asexual: involves one parent, gametes are not produced, offspring are identical, regular somatic cells

Sexual: involves two organisms, gametes are produced by the organism, offspring show genetic variation, involves gametes.

71
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes are found within somatic cells, and how many chromosomes are found within gametes?

A

46 and 23 chromosomes

72
Q

How do germ line cells and somatic cells differ?

A

Germline cells make sex cells and somatic cells make body cells.

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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