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Honors Biology > Bio Test #7 > Flashcards

Bio Test #7 Flashcards

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1
Q

CVS

A

sample of Chorion is obtained with a catheter inserted through the vagina; done at 8 weeks; cells can be cultured and grown

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2
Q

Nuchal Transluency Scan

A

scan (ultasound), non-invasive, look for presence of nuchal fluid, can indicate down syndrome, farther tests are recommended

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3
Q

trimosy

A

have an extra chromosome on a pair and has the number of the pair that is in

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4
Q

What are the examples of trimosies?

A

Trimosy 21 (down syndrome), Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)

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5
Q

What are trimosy of sex chromosomes?

A 
Triple X Syndrome (female)
Turner Syndrome (female)
Kleinefelter Syndrome (female)
Syndrome XYY (male)
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6
Q

What are risks of Amniocentesis and CVS?

A

it could result in termination of pregnancy

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7
Q

meiosis

A

a form of cell division that produces Gametes

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8
Q

gametes

A

general name for all sex cells

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9
Q

What is another name for meiosis?

A

reduction division

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10
Q

reduction division

A

a diploid nucleus (2n) forms an haploid nucleus

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11
Q

diploid

A

each cell has 2 sets of chromosomes for each pair (2n)

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12
Q

haploid

A

cell with only 1 chromosome for each pair (n)

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13
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

a diploid cell generates 4 haploid cells different from the starting cell

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14
Q

What are the 2 main phases of meiosis?

A

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

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15
Q

Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate

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16
Q

Meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate

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17
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

chromosomes that control the same characteristics; have same shape, length, and carry same genes, or same loci

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18
Q

What are the phases in Meiosis I?

A

prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I

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19
Q

What are the phases in Meiosis II?

A

prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II

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20
Q

What occurs in Prophase I?

A

nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles migrate to opposite poles, spindle starts forming & organizing, chromosomes finish condensing, spindle attaches to chromosomes at centromere (spindle attaches to only 1 side of chromosome)

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21
Q

What occurs in Metaphase I?

A

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; spindle fibers move them to align them

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22
Q

What occurs in Anaphase I?

A

spindle fibers contract & homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

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23
Q

What occurs in Telophase I?

A

spindle fibers disappear, chromosome arrive at opposite poles; sometimes nuclear membrane reappear (sometimes it moves straight into Prophase II); chromosomes uncoil

24
Q

What occurs in Prophase II?

A

nuclear envelope disappears; chromosomes recoil; spindle reforms; centrioles migrate to opposite poles (spindle each chromosomes on both sides)

25
Q

What occurs in Metaphase II?

A

chromosomes alighn along equator of cell

26
Q

What occurs in Anaphase II?

A

sisters chromatids spearate as the spindle contracts

27
Q

What occurs in Telophase II?

A

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; spindle disappears; nuclear membrane reappears; cells prepare for cytokinesis

28
Q

What occurs in cytokinesis of meiosis?

A

cytoplasm is divided; there are now 4 qhaploid cells

29
Q

genotype

A

the alleles possessed by an organism

30
Q

phenotype

A

the characteristic observed in an organism

31
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles

32
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles

33
Q

dominant

A

a trait that affects the phenotype whether it is in homozygous or heterozygous form

34
Q

recessive

A

a trait that affects the phenotype only when it is in homozygous form

35
Q

carrier

A

an individual that has the recessive allele of a gene but does not show any affect

36
Q

co-dominance

A

both traits have an effect on phenotype

37
Q

What are the two types of co-dominance?

A

co-dominant

incomplete dominance

38
Q

co-dominant

A

both traits show up on the phenotype. one is not stronger than the other

39
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the two traits blend & create an intermediate trait; generally creates extra phenotype

40
Q

monohybrid crosses

A

two organisms are “crossed” (mating) and 1 trait is observed

41
Q

test cross

A

breeding an unknown organism with a homozygous recessive

42
Q

When is a trait sex-linked?

A

A trait is sex-linked when it is on the non-homologous region of the x-chromosomes

43
Q

HOw many alleles will a male have in the non-homologous?

A

For any gene in this region a male will only have one allele

44
Q

What are males genotype stipulations?

A

males cannot be carriers (it either has it or not); male will pass a trait to his daughters (not his sons); males with conditions always inherit them from their mothers

45
Q

What are the 4 possible blood types?

A

A, B, AB, & 0

46
Q

What blood type alleles are co-dominant with each other, but dominant over 0?

A

A & B

47
Q

Antigen

A

protein on a surface of cell

48
Q

characteristics of blood type A

A

has red blood cells with Antigen A and produces antibodies for blood type B

49
Q

characteristics of blood type B

A

has antigen B on blood cells and produces antibodies for type A

50
Q

characteristics of blood type AB

A

has both A & B antigens and does not produce antibodies

51
Q

characteristics of blood type 0

A

does not have antigens, but produces both antibodies A & B

52
Q

What blood type is a universal acceptor?

A

AB

53
Q

What blood type is a universal donor?

A

0

54
Q

Rh Factor

A

an antigen on blood cells

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Rh-?

A

produces antibodies for Rh+, and can donate to Rh+ AND Rh- patients

56
Q

What are the characteristics of Rh+?

A

does not produce antibodies for Rh. It can only donate to Rh+

57
Q

pedigree

A

diagrams used by geneticists to collect info on human families.

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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