Bio Test #2 Flashcards
What are the steps to communicate peers?
- Use right statistics
- Make tables and graphs
- Research Literature
- Publish
statistics
mathematical formulas that describe our data and comparing to other data
What are the significances of tables & graphs?
Help visualize, organize, compare, analyze data. It can also help simplify information and sometimes can help predict
What must tables have?
a table needs all the correct units, a title, & the same significant digits throughout the table
What must graphs have?
A graph needs to have all the info to understand it on the graph; label axes & put a title
what is the importance of the research of literature?
to know how to start & what is being done before & to strengthen your conclusion
What is the publishing process?
Scientist picks a journal & adapts his/her paper to the style of journal. Sends it to publisher who sends it out to 3 reviewers, who either accept it w/ corrections, or rejects it. If rejected, sent to another publisher. If accepted with change, scientist needs to make changes & send it back (paper can come back for change just 2 times). If paper is accepted, publisher sends it to print & scientist needs to check everything looks right. If paper is ok, it is published
Why is publishing such a lengthy process?
to ensure that science is accurate & that only the best & most valid gets published
How do you wear clothes in a lab?
not baggy; hair pulled back; protective gear; no dangling jewelry; closed toe shoes; may not wear contacts
What should the behavior be in a lab?
no food or drinks; move carefully around the lab; no horseplay; notify the teacher immediately; know location of emergency station; listen for instructions
What should the technical behavior be in a lab?
pour water first & then acid to dilute the acid right away; pour away from you & others; clean it from outside moving in where there is a spill; to smell, waft over beaker/tube; to heat, use tongs to hold tube away from you, wearing heat resistant gloves
How do you search online?
- Check web address
- check credibility of author
- check references
- check date info was posted
- double check info by looking at other websites
- when referencing the website add the date of access
What are the different types of microscopes?
light microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope
What are advantages of a light microscope?
Material to observe is very easy to prepare; living material can be observed; allows to see colors; large field of view
Why is it good that living material can be observed?
We can observe movement or life processes
Why is it good that light microscopes allow scientists to see colors?
It is useful for ID of different organisms & useful to recognize stained cells
What are disadvantages of a light microscopes?
It has poor resolution & does not allow us to see any of the organelles inside the cell
Why is it bad to have poor resolution?
it allows us to see objects whose size is 0.25 micrometers & does not allow us to see any of the organelles inside the cell
What are advantages of both electron microscopes?
very good resolutions (x500,000), which allows us to see objects as small as .25 nanometers & many details
What are disadvantages of both electron microscopes?
sample is difficult to prepare (lengthy process & use toxic substances); sample must be killed; image is monochrome (different shapes of black, white, & gray); small field of view
What is the difference between the SEM & TEM?
SEM have 3D images, outside; TEM can give good images of inside of sample, twice the resolution of SEM, 2D image, sees the smallest of the electron microscope
Tube
connects the eyepiece to the objectives
arm
supports the tube & connects it to the base
Revolving Nosepiece/ Turnet
holds many objectives
condenser
allows more or less light go through your object
How do you calculate the magnification on an object?
Eyepiece (10) x objective
Ex. 10 x 4
How do you calculate the magnification from a picture?
You use the scale bar given and you measure the size of the scale bar over the label of scale bar
After finding the magnification of a picture, how do you determine the actual size of the object in the picture?
Measuring the size of the object, divide it by the magnification and then convert to micrometers
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
mass
quantity of matter that an object has
weight
result of gravity acting on mass
Ex: same object on earth & the moon will have the same mass, but different
What are essential to life processes?
Chemical changes
Elements
substances that cannot be broken into anything smaller (chemically)
What are the four main elements in a living organism?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
Carbon
C, main organic molecule compound (but also forms inorganic compounds such as Carbon Dioxide or Carbonates). It can form 4 covalent bonds with other elements
Hydrogen
H2, one of the main elements of organic molecules
(inorganic: H20) can form one covalent bond
Oxygen
O2, one of the main elements of organic compounds
inorganic: H2O & O2
Nitrogen
N2, part of amino acids, which is the building block of proteins; inorganic compounds: nitrate are important for plants, put in fertilizer
Calcium
Ca, part of bones, teeth, shells; an important neurotransmitter
Sodium
Na, important neurotransmitter
Phosphorous
P, part of the DNA molecule, ATP (main form of energy in the cell), & phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane)
Iron
Fe, part of hemoglobin (responsible for oxygen transport)
Atom
smallest unit of matter, so small that it cannot be seen
Nucleus
central region, where the bulk of mass and protons & neutrons are located there
Neutrons
no charge
Protons
positive charge
Electrons
negatively charged; located around the nucleus & move at very high speed (further from the nucleus need to have more energy) balanced with an equal number of protons
orbital
3D regions where we are more likely to find electrons
Why is atomic mass not always a whole number?
Atomic mass is the “average” atomic mass, but it also takes into account the relevant abundance of the different isotope in the element- that’s why!
Ion
if an atom gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged
Cation
if an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged
Isotopes
the different number of neutrons in an element
