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Honors Biology > Bio Test #5 > Flashcards

Bio Test #5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

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2
Q

What is the polymer for nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

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3
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the structure of Nucleotide?

A

a sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base

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4
Q

Why are there different types of nucleotides?

A

Different type of nucleotides because different nitrogenous bases attached to them

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5
Q

What are the four different bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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6
Q

What group are the bases in?

A

Adenine & Guanine are Purines

Cytosine & Thymine are Pyrimidines

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7
Q

How are nucleotides linked together to create 1 strand?

A

Nucleotides are linked together by a covalent bond between the carbon in the 3rd position & the phosphate group

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8
Q

How many strands is DNA made of?

A

2

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9
Q

What keeps DNA strands together?

A

The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases

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10
Q

What does complementary base pairing consist of?

A

Adenine only bonds with Thymine

Cytosine only bonds with Guanine

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11
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are needed for each complementary base pair?

A

Between Adenine & Thymine there are 2 hydrogen bonds

Between Cytosine & Guanine there are 3 hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

DNA makes up our genes, it contains instructions to synthesize proteins for the whole, it transfers hereditary info from cell to cell

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13
Q

What are the functions of RNA?

A 
makes mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
copies & transports DNA instructions out of the nucleus (mRNA)
translates instructions into proteins (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
can also function as an enzyme
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14
Q

cytology

A

science that studies cells’ structure and functions

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15
Q

cytologist

A

person that studies cells

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16
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are made of cells & cells’ products
  2. Cells are the smallest & simplest, structural & function unit of life
  3. Cells come from pre-existing
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17
Q

Cell Shapes

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, speroid, discoid, fusiform, fibrous

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18
Q

squamous

A

flat & angular; cover the esophagus, skin, lining of cavities, capillaries, alveoli

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19
Q

cuboidal

A

cube, liver cells

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20
Q

columnar

A

taller than wide, lining of intestine

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21
Q

speroid

A

roundish, fat cell

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22
Q

discoid

A

disk shape, red blood cell

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23
Q

fusiform

A

thick in the middle & tapered at end, smooth muscles

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24
Q

fibrous

A

thread like, skeletal muscle

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25
Q

virus

A

a non-cellular structure composed of DNA/RNA and surrounded by a protein coat

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26
Q

What are characteristics of viruses?

A

Not cells made of the same material; have same genetic material
have the ability to evolve through natural selection
require a host to reproduce and survive
have an incubation period that varies according to virus

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27
Q

How important is incubation?

A

It is crucial to the virus spreading

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28
Q

What process does virus reproduction use?

A

Lytic Process

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29
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. Entry
  3. Replication
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
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30
Q

adsorption

A

virus attaches to the host cell

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31
Q

entry

A

virus injects its DNA/RNA into the cell

32
Q

replication

A

genetic material of the virus takes control of the host cell and tells the cell to make viral DNA/RNA and protein coats

33
Q

assembly

A

viral DNA directs host cell to assemble viruses

34
Q

Release

A

new viruses destroy the membrane of the host cell and are released outside

35
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Do not have nucleus, considered to be the most similar to a primordial cell

36
Q

What do scientists believe about the first cell?

A

They believe that it was developed from non-living chemical substances. Even though this does not happen now and cells only originate from other cells

37
Q

What are prokaryotes also called?

A

Prokaryotes are also called Bacteria

38
Q

What are characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

They have few internal structures, but have a great variety of shapes & metabolic activity

39
Q

What are 3 examples of Prokaryotes?

A

Blue-Green Bacteria
Nitrogenfixing Bacteria
Decomposers

40
Q

Blue-green Bacteria

A

photosynthetic; make their own food using energy from sun; autotroph (self-feeding)

41
Q

Nitrogenfixing Bacteria

A

absorb N2 from atmosphere and transform it into nitrate (NO3) & nitrite (NO2) which are then used by plants

42
Q

Decomposers

A

use decaying matter & through fermentation break it back into simpler nutrients, important in our digestive system

43
Q

What are the 3 main shapes of Prokaryotes?

A

round/cocci
rod/bacillus
spiral

44
Q

What is Gramstain and its significance?

A

a series of stains poured over a bacteria and

it indicates presence of certain chemicals in cell wall (purple if contains stain, pink if not)

45
Q

How can bacteria be classified?

A

Through its shape, gramstain, and antibiotic resistance

46
Q

How do you test bacteria’s antibiotic resistance?

A

the bacteria is grown on plates with different kinds of antibiotics and if they grow that means they are resistant to that antibiotic

47
Q

What are the functions for cell wall?

A

maintain shape, protect from others, and prevents cell from bursting

48
Q

What are the functions for cell membrane?

A

separates inside of cell from outside environment, allows things in & out of the cell & regulates flow

49
Q

What are the functions for mesosome?

A

involved in ATP production

50
Q

What are the function for cytoplasm?

A

to contain enzymes for chemical reactions

51
Q

What is the structure of cell wall?

A

Cell wall maintains modified sugar polymers called peptydeglygans

52
Q

What is the structure of cell membrane?

A

made of phospholipids

53
Q

What is the structure of mesosome?

A

made by foldings of the cell membrane

54
Q

What is the structure of cytoplasm?

A

structure is a semi-transparent gelatinous

55
Q

What are the functions for ribosomes?

A

synthesize protein by translating mRNA

56
Q

What are the functions of Naked DNA?

A

store genetic info, transfer genetic info to daughter cells, directs all activities of the cell

57
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

made of rRNA organized into 2 sub units; prokaryote cells have small ribosomes called “70s”

58
Q

What is the structure of Naked DNA?

A

made of nucleotides and is organized in a loop

59
Q

Describe other structures

A

their presence varies:

Pilus, Flagellum, Capsule, Endospore

60
Q

Describe Pilus/i

A

an “other structure” there are 2 types

  1. sexpilus
  2. common pilus
61
Q

sexipilus

A

stabilize bacteria during conjugation

62
Q

common pilus

A

attachment to surfaces, defense from phagocytic cells

63
Q

Describe Flagellum

A

long slender projection; its function is locomotion; can be either polar or peritrichus

64
Q

locomotion

A

moves in a whip like motion and propels cell forward

65
Q

Polar Flagellum

A

can have more than one strand on one side

66
Q

Peritrichus Flagellum

A

can have more than one strand on multiple sides

67
Q

Describe Capsule

A

hard covering; it protects

68
Q

Describe Endospore

A

hard covering; function: survival in periods of environmental stress (changes in temp., pH, chemicals)

69
Q

What are the 2 main processes of reproduction of bacteria?

A

Binary Fission & Bacterial Conjugation

70
Q

Binary Fission

A

asexual reproduction; not the same as mitosis

71
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of Binary Fission?

A

Adv: it allows bacteria to grow rapidly
Dis: because all bacteria are identical, if something kills/harms one bacteria, it will affect the whole population
This process allows bacteria to grow exponentially

72
Q

Bacterial Conjugation

A

2 genetic material exchange between 2 already existing bacteria

73
Q

Plasmid

A

extra chromosomal DNA, capable or replicating independently from the main DNA; can carry specific properties

74
Q

What are considerations of Bacterial Conjugation?

A

This is how bacteria can acquire new properties that allow them to survive & evolve

75
Q

How do you prevent the ability for bacteria to survive & evolve too often?

A

enforce prudent use of antibiotic
improve sanitation to avoid spread of bacteria
invest in research
take antibiotic for whole course of treatment

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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