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Honors Biology > Bio Test #1 > Flashcards

Bio Test #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

study of life

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2
Q

Biologist

A

study how living things work, interact with their environments, and change over time

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3
Q

How do we determine if something is living or not?

A

By the 7 characteristics: organization, homeostasis, metabolism, growth & development, reproduction, response to stimuli, change over time

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4
Q

organization

A

high degree of order within an organism

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5
Q

cell

A

basic structure of organization, smallest living thing

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6
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

equilibrium, “same stillness; how the body maintains its internal stability even if external conditions are constantly changing

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8
Q

negative feedback mechanism

A

trying to create a response that is opposite; when the body senses a change it activates a response that negates or reverses the change, Ex. if temperature goes down, the response pushes the temperature up

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9
Q

Receptor

A

structure that senses change

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10
Q

Control Center

A

processes the info & makes decision about what response to use

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11
Q

effector

A

structure that carries out the response and restores homeostasis

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12
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

generates a response that reinforces or continues the change; can be harmful or life threatening because of its self-amplifying nature; it brings the organism even further from the equilibrium. Ex: child birth- baby’s head pushes against the cervix triggering contractions, baby pushes even more, contractions get stronger, baby comes out, contractions stop

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13
Q

metabolism

A

complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells, push & fueled through energy

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14
Q

What are the differences between the 2 metabolic reactions: catabolic & anabolic?

A

catabolic- yield energy by breaking down compounds

Anabolic- use energy to build new compounds

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15
Q

metabolic pathways

A

series of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes

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16
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that speed up the rate of the reaction

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17
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

speed of metabolism, different for each species & it influences how much food an organism is going to require

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18
Q

development

A

any change in form of function in the life time of an organism

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19
Q

growth

A

generally a change in size

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20
Q

differentiation

A

process in which cells that are not specialized (generalists/ stem cells) become specialized & start performing a specific task

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21
Q

reproduction

A

passing of genes onto offspring

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22
Q

What are the 2 ways to reproduce?

A

Asexual- uses mitosis, & only 1 organism needed, new organism is identical to parent organism
Sexual- meiosis, 2 organisms are needed for the formation of sex cells called Gametes, new organism is different from both parent organisms

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23
Q

Stimulus

A

change, can be external (environment) or internal (inside body cell)

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24
Q

What are the 3 main themes of biology?

A

Diversity & Unity of Life Interdependence of Organisms Evolution of Life

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25
Q

Genetic Code

A

all living things have DNA

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26
Q

DNA

A

made of the same molecules in all living things, has the same shape (double helix) in all living things; the foundation of genetic engineering

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27
Q

presence of organelles

A

not all the same one are present in all cells, but there are some

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28
Q

Carolous Linnaeus

A

created the binomial system in 1735

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29
Q

Rules of Binomial System

A

each species has 2 name (genus & species); Genus is always capitalized and species is always lower-cased; names must be in Latin; handwritten names must be underlines; when typed it must be in italics; when wanting to shorten the name after the first full out name, write the 1st initial of the genus, and the whole species name

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30
Q

What is the purpose of classification?

A

to avoid confusion between scientists all over the world by studying organisms & organizing them we can understand evolutionary relationship
can help us predict physiological responses or genetic characteristics of different species

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31
Q

ecology

A

science that studies how organisms interact with each other and their environment

32
Q

species

A

all organisms that share similar characteristics can interbreed & produce fertile offspring

33
Q

population

A

animals of the same species that live in the same area

34
Q

community

A

all the different populations living in the same area

35
Q

biosphere

A

all areas of air, land & water where life is found

36
Q

ecosystem

A

communities & their environment; characterized by energy flows and chemical cycling

37
Q

climate

A

general pattern of the weather, main factor that determines where a certain ecosystem will occur

38
Q

Human Population

A

the only species that can modify ecosystems for our own purpose, causes them to be the main organisms responsible for destruction or damage of ecosystem; depend on a healthy ecosystem for food, medicines, raw materials

39
Q

biodiversity

A

total number of species in an ecosystem, used to gauge the health of an ecosystem

40
Q

extinction

A

death of a species or a large group; preserving biosphere helps prevent this; 400 species are affected by this every day

41
Q

evolution

A

process by which inherited characteristics within a population change over generations to the point that eventually a new species can emerge

42
Q

what does evolution explain?

A

how organisms alive today are related to those in the past, helps us understand mechanisms behind organisms’ look & behavior

43
Q

Natural Selection

A

ability of population of organisms to change over time

44
Q

Why is natural selection important?

A

It allows survival in an ever changing environment

45
Q

Evolution by Natural Selection

A

organisms that exhibit certain favorable traits are more likely to survive & reproduce

46
Q

What is a product of evolution by natural selection?

A

adaptations

47
Q

Adaptations

A

traits that improve an individuals ability to survive & reproduce in a specific environment

48
Q

Charles Darwin

A

person responsible for introducing the concept of evolution by natural selection

49
Q

Scientific Method

A

an organized approach to analyze any question about the natural word

50
Q

What are the 2 main principles that the scientific method is based on?

A
  1. all events in the natural world have a natural cause

2. uniformity- the same laws apply in the same way at all times & places

51
Q

Steps of the Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Prediction
  4. Experiment
  5. Analyze Data & Draw Conclusions
  6. Communicate to peers
52
Q

observation

A

fact that generates a question, “curiosity”

53
Q

Hypothesis

A

come up with possible answers

54
Q

Prediction

A

propose an outcome for the hypothesis

55
Q

Experiment

A

How you decide to test your hypothesis

56
Q

What are the steps of experiments?

A
  1. Set experimental groups
  2. Set variables
  3. The amount of repetitions
57
Q

control group

A

an experimental group that offers a base line to compare your results

58
Q

What can control be?

A

Control can be either the treatment that reproduces what happens “naturally” or the group where the treatment is not applied

59
Q

independent variable

A

what is manipulated by the experimenter; should be the only thing that changes among the experimental groups; try to specify a unit if possible

60
Q

Dependent Variable

A

what is effected by independent variable; what you measure; always remember to specify unit

61
Q

controlled variables

A

all the other variables that affect the dependent variable & that need to be kept the same so that they do not influence the effect of the independent variables

62
Q

What are ways to have repetitions?

A

repeat experiment several times or increase the number of trials or both

63
Q

organization

A

high degree of order within an organism’s internal & external parts, & in its interactions with living world

64
Q

unicellular

A

made up of one cell

65
Q

multicellular

A

made up of multiple cell

66
Q

organ system

A

groups of specialized parts that carry out a certain function in the organism, made up of organs

67
Q

organs

A

structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system, made up of tissues

68
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow organs to function

69
Q

what must cells have?

A

cells must be covered by a membrane, contain all genetic info needed for replication, & to carry out their functions

70
Q

organelles

A

tiny structures that carry out functions needed for the cell to stay alive

71
Q

biological molecules

A

the chemical compounds that provide physical structure & that bring about movement, energy use, & other cellular functions, made up of atoms

72
Q

Why do living things grow?

A

resulting from the division & enlargement of cells

73
Q

cell division

A

formation of 2 new cells from an existing cell

74
Q

Why is reproduction important?

A

it is essential to continuate the species

75
Q

gene

A

a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an organism

76
Q

domains

A

major subdivision of all organisms

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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