Bio Study Guide Flashcards
What do all living organisms need to sustain life?
Energy
What is energy?
the capacity to perform work
What are the different types of energy?
Kinetic and Potential
The energy of motion can be defined as?
Kinetic Energy
When energy is stored, what is it called?
Potential Energy
the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by one celsius
What is a calorie?
a kilocalorie (1,000 calories)
What is a Calorie? (there is a difference between this one and the one above.)
energy that can be changed from one form to another; however it cannot be created or destroyed
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Why is heat lost in biological systems?
Heat is lost during the conversion of energy because it is hard to harness
Where does new energy come from?
Chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and etc
How is most energy lost (in what form)?
Heat
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
energy cannot be changed from one form into another with a loss of usable energy
A measure of the amount of disorder, or randomness, in a system (every time energy is converted from one form to another, entropy increases)
What is entropy?
How do you make a reaction go that requires energy?
activation energy
the energy that triggers the reactants in a chemical reaction
What is activation energy?
catalytic proteins- that speed up biological reactions but they are not altered or consumed
- also lower the activation energy for chemical reactions
What is an enzyme?
Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction/They are very selective in the reaction it catalyzes/Attracts to a substrate which then forms to the active site (known as an induced fit)/Enzymes can function repeatedly
How do enzymes work?
What factors affect how well enzymes work?
Enzyme Inhibitors
pH and temperature
They act as substrate impostors that plug into the active site causing the active site to change shape so much that it will no longer accept the real substrate
How does an enzyme inhibitor work?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP?
What is ATP used for?
Stores energy obtained from food and then releases it as needed at a later time
ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring phosphate groups to those molecules/The crowding of negative charges in the triphosphate tail
contributes to the potential energy of ATP/The release of the phosphate at the tip of the triphosphate tail that makes energy available to working cells
40% food and the remainder is heat
How do you get energy from ATP?
What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules spreading out evenly into the available space
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is hyper, hypo, and isotonic?
Hypertonic- higher concentration of solute
Hypotonic- lower concentration of solute
Isotonic- equal concentrations of solute
What happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hyperosmotic solute?
The cell would shrivel up and die due to water loss
What happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hypoosmotic solute?
The cell would swell and burst from too much water
What happens to a red blood cell when placed in a isosmotic solute?
The cell’s volume would remain the same because the cell gains water at the same rate that it looses water
****Be able to look at two solutions and tell which way osmosis will occur?
A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell
What is a receptor?
Autotrophs make their own food, which creates energy for them to grow, reproduce and survive
What is a producer?
Something that consumes energy by eating plants and animals?
Consumers
T/F- the hypotonic solution, by having the lower solute concentration, has the higher water concentration (less solute = more water).
True
How do we measure energy and why?
-measure in temperature (joules)
-measuring kinetic energy
What is the study of energy?
Thermodynamics
What is an autotroph? Heterotroph?
Autotroph- self feeder
heterotroph- consumer
What is the difference between cellular respiration and breathing?
Cellular Respiration: harvest energy stored in sugars by using O2 to convert the energy stored in bonds to ATP
Breathing: exchanges these gases between blood and air
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
photosynthesis takes in CO2 and releases O2, fueling cellular respiration which takes in O2 and expels CO2
6CO2+6H2O»C6H12O6+6O2
is the equation for what?
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
C6H12O6+6O2»6CO2+6H2O+ATP
is the equation for what?
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
What are the products?
Photosynthesis:
Energy from sun
CO2 from air through leaves
H2O from soil through roots
Cellular Respiration:
Glucose and oxygen to make ATP
CO2 and H2O are waste products
-connects the two photosystems
-releases energy that the chloroplast uses to make ATP
What is being described?
Electron Transport Chain
What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen
