Bio Chapter 5 Flashcards
The capacity to perform work / cause change
Energy
The energy of motion
Kinetic Energy
energy that is stored
Potential Energy
The **energy takes the form of muscle movement propelling the diver to the top of the platform
Kinetic
The energy contained by water behind a dam and energy stored by water behind a dam and energy stored by a compressed spring is an example of what kind of energy?
Potential
The principle that energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Conversion of Energy
Energy can be changed from one form to another; however it cannot be created or destroyed
First Law of Thermodynamics
Can an object at rest have energy?
Yes, potential energy because of location and structure
What type of energy is heat?
Kinetic
A product of all energy conversions are?
Heat energy
Which form of energy is most randomized an difficult to put to work?
Heat
A measure of disorder, or randomness is known as?
Entropy
What form of energy is chemical energy classified as?
Potential
Energy that is stored in chemical bonds of molecules is known as?
Chemical Energy
the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules and the storage of that energy in a form the cell can use to perform work
Cellular Respiration
the amount of energy that raises the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
A calorie (cal)
T/F- A peanut has about 5 Calories; enough to increase temp of 1kg (little more than a quart) of water by 5 degrees celsius
True
used to weigh food items on the shelf; known as a kilocalorie (1,000 calories)
Calorie
Passive movement of solutes across a membrane down their concentration gradients with the involvement of membrane proteins describes what process?
Facilitated Diffusion
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
Enzymes lower the amount of energy required to activate a chemical reaction
You decide to try your at canning pickles. You immerse freshly picked cucumbers in a solution that has a solute concentration twice that found in the cucumber cells. You allow your preparation to cure for several months in a sealed jar.When you later open the jar, you find that the fluid surrounding the pickles is more dilute than when you started. This change in concentration is due to?
Is the substance hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic?
pickles in a hypertonic solution losing water through osmosis
Which part of a reaction is changed by an enzyme?
The activation energy
Why are enzymes so critical to cell functioning?
Enzymes enable and regulate cellular reactions
Imagine that you synthesize a molecule that resembles the substrate of a particular enzyme but has a different chemical composition. You discover that this “substrate imposter” can bind to the enzyme’s active site. What effect will the “substrate imposter” have on the reaction that is normally catalyzed by the enzyme?
It will inhibit the reaction, it WILL NOT accelerate anything
Which of the following conditions represent stored( potential energy)
1) table sugar ready to be ingested
2) a diver about to dive off the platform
3) a gerbil running on its wheel
1 and 2
The induced fit model of enzyme catalysis states that the active site of the enzyme changes shape before or after substrate binds to it
AFTER
Is seawater hypertonic or hypotonic?
hypertonic
It is not a good idea to drink salt water because?
The cell’s will lose water through osmosis, making you more thirsty
Which of the following features explains why plant cells do not explode as a result of osmosis?
A) Plant cells have a central vacuole that holds water
B) Plant cells are more likely than animal cells to explode because of osmosis
C) Plant cells have a cell wall that prevents the cell from absorbing too much water
C
What binds to an enzyme which causes it to alter the active site so a substrate can no longer bind
Enzyme Inhibitors
Which of the following is a true statement about ATP and cellular work?
A) ATP is destroyed during phosphate transfer
B) ATP consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups
C) During phosphate transfer, a phosphate group is added to ATP
B) ATP consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups
The region on an enzyme where a substrate binds is called the?
active site
How are combustion and cellular respiration similar?
At the end of both chemical reactions, carbon dioxide and water are produced
For what purpose might a cell transport materials across its plasma membrane?
To import nutrients, to get rid of wastes, or to secrete proteins
The enzyme lactase participates in what reaction?
The breakdown of lactose
Which type of passive diffusion is involved in ion transport across cell membranes?
Facilitated Diffusion
An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will lose or gain water by osmosis and shrivel or lyse
lose and shrivel
The sum total of all the chemicals reactions that occur in organisms is called___.
metabolism
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?
Active Transport
Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? sucrose+ sucrase+ water– sucrase+ glucose + fructose
sucrase
A vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell is known as?
Exocytosis
A form of passive transport. Molecules move across the plasma membrane using a transport protein.
Facilitated Diffusion
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell.
Endocytosis
A form of passive transport. Molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer.
Diffusion
Requires energy from the cell. Molecules move against their concentration gradient.
Active Transport
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
A) high energy phosphate bonds of a molecule of ATP
B) a person sitting on the couch while watching tv
C) a rock on a mountain ledge
D) a space station orbiting Earth
D) a space station orbiting Earth
What form of energy is chemical energy considered?
Potential
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found?
cellular respiration
Which of these are the by-products of cellular respiration?
A) ATP
B) ATP and water
C) glucose and water
D) heat and water
D
A kilocalorie is equal to how many calories?
1,000
Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely result in what?
Cell death
Term referred to as “cell eating”
Phagocytosis
What is an example of a substance that contains chemical energy?
food that you eat
T/F- A single muscle cell needs about only one minute to recycle all of its ATP
True
Energy is conserved. This means that in any system,___
total energy input equals to total energy output
Which of the following is highest in chemical energy?
A) one molecule of ATP
B) one molecule of glucose
C) one molecule of H2
D) one molecule of CO2
B
In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when____.
high energy electrons “fall” to lower energy levels
T/F- An enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a metabolic without being consumed by the reaction
True
