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Bio Test 2 > Bio Chapter 8 and 11 > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 8 and 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

In humans, meiosis produces cells that are___.

A

haploid, called gametes

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2
Q

A picture of chromosomes arranged in ordered pairs

A

Karotype

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3
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

S

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4
Q

A human somatic (body) cell has____ chromosomes.

A

46

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5
Q

Diploid cells become haploid during which stage?

A

Meiosis 1

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6
Q

A human skin cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain in total?

A

92

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7
Q

Homologous chromosomes cross over during prophase 1, and during metaphase 1, chromosomes align randomly.

A

Process of meiosis generating genetic diversity

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8
Q

Which of the following is true about prophase 1?
A) it involves division of cytoplasm
B) condensed chromosomes begin to uncoil to form chromatin
C) occurs during mitosis
D) involves pairing up homologous chromosomes
E) can occur only during healing

A

D) involves pairing up homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate at which phase?

A

Anaphase 1

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10
Q

In which phase do sister chromatids are separated into different daughter cells?

A

Meiosis 2

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11
Q

T/F- Plant cells divide by meiosis followed by cytokinesis by cell plate formation

A

False, plant cells divide by mitosis followed by cytokinesis by cell plate formation

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12
Q

If a cell begins meiosis with a 2n(diploid) number of 16, how many chromosomes are there in the cell at prophase 1?

A

16

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13
Q

Which of the following is true about meiosis 2?
A) It results in the production of four haploid cells
B) requires homologous chromosomes to pair up
C) results in the production of two haploid cells
D) results in cells that have 2 complete sets of chromosomes
E) it is a process by which genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes

A

A) It results in the production of four haploid cells

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14
Q

The sex of a human fetus is determined by the____?

A

sex chromosomes found in sperm

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15
Q

While working in a medical clinic, you are asked to assist in the care of a 16 year old female patient who has not yet begun menstruating. You also notice that she is small in stature and has a wider than average neck.
You suspect that she might have____?

A

Turner Syndrome

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16
Q

If a cell begins meiosis with a 2n (diploid) number of 16, how many chromosomes are there in the cell at anaphase 1?

A

16

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17
Q

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes normally occurs during which stage?

A

Prophase 1

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18
Q

Which of the following allows sexual reproduction to occur generation after generation?

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

If a cell begins meiosis with a 2n (diploid) number of 16 how many chromosomes are there in each cell at metaphase 2?

A

8

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20
Q

What do homologous chromosomes carry?

A

carry the same genes

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21
Q

A failure of chromosomes to sort properly during meiosis is known as?

A

Nondisjunction

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22
Q

If a cell has 30 chromosomes before mitosis, how many does each daughter cell have afterward?

A

30, because of mitosis. The purpose of mitosis is to turn a single parent cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Therefore, if the parent cell has 30, then each daughter cell will also have 30 after mitosis

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23
Q

What occurs when alleles for the same trait separate during gamete formation

A

Segregation

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24
Q

What is the last stage of mitosis?

A

Telophase

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25
Q

Why are no two gametes exactly alike?

A

Because each gamete has a different combination of parental chromosomes that is the result of both crossing over and independent assortment

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26
Q

What order does the cell cycle occur in?

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

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27
Q

Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that_____.

A

predisposition to these cancers is inherited

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28
Q

List the 4 main stages of meiosis in order

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

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29
Q

Which of the following best describes cancer cells?
A) They will divide a certain number of times and then stop
B) They are more highly differentiated than normal cells
C) They produce toxic compounds
D) Controls governing cell division have been altered
E) Proto-oncogenes control their cell divison

A

D) Controls governing cell division have been altered

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30
Q

What name is given to a gene that causes cancer?

A

Oncogene

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31
Q

Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs when?

A

before a cell divides

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32
Q

All your cells contain proto-oncogenes, which can change into cancer-causing genes. Why do cells possess such potential time bombs?

A

Proto-oncogenes are necessary for normal control of cell division.

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33
Q

Which of these is a carcinogen?
A) cigarette smoke
B) fat
C) testosterone
D) UV light
E) all of them

A

E) all of them

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34
Q

__ is carcinogen that promotes colon cancer.

A

Fat

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35
Q

The genes that malfunction and cause a cell to become cancerous usually___.

A

regulate cell division

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36
Q

Most of an organism’s DNA is carried by its___.

A

Chromosomes

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37
Q

Events of Mitosis in order

A

1) Interphase
2) Prophase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase and cytokinesis

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38
Q

T/F- A cancer cell does not respond to the signals that control cell division

A

True

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39
Q

T/F- A cancer cell lives longer than a normal cell

A

False

40
Q

T/F- A cancer cell uses fewer nutrients than a normal cell

A

False

41
Q

T/F- A cancer cell usually does not contain a nucleus

A

False

42
Q

T/F- A cancer cell is typically more than ten times as large as a normal cell

A

False

43
Q

In sexually reproducing multicellular organisms, the main functions of mitosis are____.
A) Reproduction (production of gametes)
B) Growth and Development
C) Tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells

A

B) Growth and Development
C) Tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells

44
Q

Which events occur during prophase?

A

1- Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers
2- The nuclear envelope breaks down

45
Q

What event finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into two separate daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

46
Q

During this phase in the cell cycle, the cell carries out its normal functions and the chromosomes are thinly spread out throughout the nucleus. What is the phase?

A

Interphase

47
Q

Looking through a light microscope at a dividing cell, you can see two separate groups of chromosomes on opposite ends of the cell. New nuclear envelopes are taking shape around each group. The chromosomes then begin to disappear as they unwind. You are witnessing____.

A

Telophase

48
Q

What are most human cancers caused by?

A

An accumulation of mutations

49
Q

Cells that are about to divide replicate their DNA at what phase?

A

Interphase

50
Q

In what phase do microtubules form their mitotic spindle, and then the nuclear envelope breaks up

A

Prophase

51
Q

In what phase does the mitotic spindle fully form and chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

52
Q

In which phase do sister chromatids separate and become full-fledged chromosomes that move to opposite poles?

A

Anaphase

53
Q

In which phase do chromosomes become less condensed and new nuclear envelopes forms?

A

Telophase

54
Q

T/F- In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides

A

True

55
Q

Accidents can occur in meiosis wherein members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at anaphase. This is called?

A

Nondisjunction

56
Q

Orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase 1 result in alternative arrangements that contribute to genetic variation in offspring. The orientation is called____.

A

Independent Assortment

57
Q

Bacteria divides by?

A

Binary Fission

58
Q

The first step of bacterial replication is____.

A

DNA replication

59
Q

What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as supposed to eukaryotic cells?
A) amount of DNA present
B) whether the DNA is housed in a nucleus or not
C) whether the DNA is linear or circular
D) all of the above

A

D

60
Q

The exchange of corresponding portions of homologous chromosomes is referred to as?

A

Crossing Over

61
Q

Meiosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of

A

4 haploid cells

62
Q

Which term is used to describe the way homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in random orientations relative to each other during metaphase 1?

A

Independent Assortment

63
Q

Sexual reproduction requires the cellular process of ___ followed by_____.

A

Meiosis and fertilization

64
Q

Which of the following is true of the following statements?
A) Asexual reproduction requires the production of eggs and sperm
B) Geneticists use the terms son and daughter to distinguish b/w cells resulting from cell division
C) Meiosis results in gametes that are used in reproduction
D) The sperm and egg have twice as many chromosomes as the parental cells.

A

C) Meiosis results in gametes that are used in reproduction

65
Q

During which phase both the contents of nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided?

A

Mitotic Phase

66
Q

During which phase do cells grow and replicate both its organelles and its chromosomes.

A

Interphase

67
Q

Which of the following statements applies to sexually reproducing species but not asexually reproducing species?
A) Two kinds of cell division are required
B) The two “daughter” cells that result from cell division following mitosis are genetically identical to each other and to the original “parent” cell
C) Reproduction can occur with either one or two parents
D) Offspring are able to reproduce

A

A) Two kinds of cell division are required

68
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

Reproduction (production of gametes)

69
Q

Looking through a light microscope at a cell undergoing meiosis, you see that the chromosomes have joined into XX-shaped tetrads. These tetrads lined up along a plane that runs through the center of the cell. This cell is in____.

A

Meiosis 1

70
Q

Meiosis starts with____ cells and produces_____ gametes.

A

diploid and haploids

71
Q

How many steps does meiosis typically take?

A

3 steps. All of the chromosomes are duplicated in a diploid cell, and there are two cell divisions to produce a total of 4 haploid gametes

72
Q

What separates in meiosis 1?

A

homologous chromosomes

73
Q

What separates in meiosis 2?

A

Sister Chromatids

74
Q

List 3 forms of cancer treatment

A

Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy

75
Q

Carcinogen example of colon and rectum cancer is?

A

High Dietary Fat; low dietary fiber

76
Q

Carcinogen example of lymphomas and cervix cancer is?

A

Viruses

77
Q

Carcinogen example of lung, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach and cervix is

A

Cigarette Smoke

78
Q

Carcinogen example of breast/ uterus and prostate is?

A

breast/uterus- estrogen
prostate- testosterone

79
Q

Carcinogen example of skin is?

A

UV light

80
Q

Carcinogen example of leukemia is?

A

x-rays

81
Q

What was the first anti-cancer vaccine?

A

Gardasil

82
Q

When 2 daughter cells are produced they are genetically identical to each other and parent cell it is called?

A

Cell Division

83
Q

Single-celled organisms reproduce by simple cell division

A

Amoeba

84
Q

Some multicellular organisms, such as sea stars, can grow new individuals from fragmented pieces.

A

True

85
Q

Growing a new plant from a clipping is another example of asexual reproduction.

A

African Violet

86
Q

Proteins used to package DNA in eukaryotes is known as?

A

Histones

87
Q

What consists of DNA wound around histone molecules?

A

Nucleosomes

88
Q

A typical body cell is known as a?

A

somatic cell

89
Q

22 pairs of matching chromosomes are called what?

A

Autosomes

90
Q

List 2 examples of nondisjunction if they affect the sex chromosomes.

A

Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
Turner’s Syndrome

91
Q

What is Kleinfelter’s Sydrome?

A

a male-sterile
small testes, slighlty enlarged breasts

92
Q

female-sterile
sex organs don’t mature, extra skin at base neck
only case where having 45 chromosomes are not fatal

A

Turner’s Syndrome

93
Q

Cell Cycle has 2 phases what are they?

A

1-interphase
2- mitotic phase

94
Q

T/F- G1, S, and G2 fall into the interphase section of the cell cycle?

A

True

95
Q

T/F- Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in the mitotic phase of the cycle.

A

True

96
Q

Beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes has arrived at each of the two poles of the cell

A

Anaphase

Bio Test 2 (9 decks)

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