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IB bio HL/SL > Bio Option A > Flashcards

Bio Option A Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neural tube

A
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2
Q

Innate behaviour

A

Behaviour encoded in genes and inherited from parents

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3
Q

Reflex

A

Rapid involuntary response to a stimulus

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4
Q

Reflex arc

A

Receptor-sensory neuron-relay neuron- motor neuron- effector

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5
Q

Learned behaviour

A

Behaviour not develops os a result of experience

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6
Q

Reflex conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dog

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7
Q

Imprinting

A

Occurs at a particular stage of life and is independent of the consequences of learning

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8
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning by trial and error

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9
Q

Memory

A

Process of encoding, storing and accessing information

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10
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Cause depolerization in the postsynaptic cell

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11
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Cause hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic cell

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12
Q

Summation

A

The adding together of all inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters signals from the presynaptic neurons

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13
Q

Slow neurotransmitters

A

Modulate fast neurotransmission

change metabolism inside postsyn. cell by
triggering 2nd messenger, may diffuse + affect
many cells, long-term effect

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14
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Affect the brain by either increasing or decreasing synaptic transmission

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15
Q

Nicotine

A

An excitatory drug found in cigarettes

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16
Q

Cocaine

A

An excitatory drug which blocks dopamine reuptake proteins

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17
Q

THC (tetrehydrocannabinol)

A

Inhibitory drug that binds to cannabinoid receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

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18
Q

Ethology

A

Study of animal behaviour in natural conditions

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19
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of nervous system (neural tube) in Chordata

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20
Q

Dorsal nerve cord develops from…

A

Ectoderm (outer tissue layer)

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21
Q

spine bifida

A

birth defect, incomplete closure/formation of neural tube

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22
Q

cell division in
neural tube produces…

A

large numbers of cells, which gradually differentiate into neurons

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23
Q

some immature neurons…

A

migrate, and axons grow from them

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24
Q

neural pruning

A

loss of unused neurons

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25
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and sensory receptors

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26
Q

central nervous
system

A

brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

medulla oblongata function

A

vital/primitive functions (breathing, heart-rate, etc)

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28
Q

cerebellum function

A

balance, coordination

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29
Q

hypothalamus function

A

Controls pituitary gland and hunger/thirst

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30
Q

pituitary gland function

A

controls many functions through hormone release

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31
Q

cerebral hemispheres functions

A

complex thought: problem solving, memory, learning, etc

32
Q

visual cortex (cerebral hemisphere)
function

A

vision

33
Q

Broca’s area (cerebral hemisphere function

A

speech production

34
Q

nucleus accumbens (cerebral hemisphere function

A

pleasure

35
Q

animal experiments

A

ethical issues, sir David Fernier - monkeys + dogs,
electrical shocking/removal of motor cortex

36
Q

autopsy

A

dissection after death, Jean-Martin Charcod - ALS,
MS

37
Q

lesions

A

damaged brain regions, Broca’s area

38
Q

FMRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

shows activity (blood glucose levels) and structure in brain areas, Pierce - neurotypical vS autistic brain activity levels

39
Q

stroke

A

disruption of blood supply to the brain

40
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light (rod and cone cells in eye)

41
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature (skin nerve cells)

42
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

movement (hair cells in ear cochlea)

43
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals (tongue)

44
Q

rod cells

A

more sensitive to light and allow vision in dim light 4 (greyscale), found throughout retina

45
Q

cone cells

A

work best in bright light and enable you to see colors, three types (RGB) and found in fovea of retina

46
Q

ganglion cells

A

connected to bipolar cells and sends visual info to brain through optic nerve

47
Q

bipolar cells

A

receive input from rod/cone cells and send action potentials to ganglion cells

48
Q

Opsin

A

photosensitive pigments in the photoreceptors

49
Q

optic chiasma

A

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

50
Q

cochlear implant

A

sound picked up by microphone, radio signal sent from transmitter to receiver, converts it to electric signal

51
Q

info from left visual
field…

A

detected by right-half of retina, processed by right hemisphere

52
Q

info from right visual field…

A

detected by left-half of retina, processed by left hemisphere

53
Q

development of birdsong

A

both innate (length, number of notes) and learned

(frequency range, complexity)

54
Q

taxis (innate behavior)

A

movement in response to environmental stimulUs: negative phototaxis - fly larvae move away from light
positive phototaxis - eugena move toward light

55
Q

kinesis (innate behavior)

A

change in the rate of activity in response to an environmental stimulUs
woodlice in low humidit - increased movement woodlice in high humidity - decreased movement

56
Q

examples of ethology

A
  • migration in blackcap birds
  • foraging in shore crabs
  • courtship in birds of paradise
  • breeding strategies in salmon
  • feeding on cream by blue tits
  • synchronized estrus in lionesses
57
Q

presynaptic neuron is depolarized,

A

postsynaptic neuron is excited to fire

58
Q

presynaptic neuron
is hyperpolarized,

A

action potential inhibited in postsynaptic neuron

59
Q

CNS makes decisions by…

A

taking sum of inhibitory and excitatory signals

60
Q

fast acting
neurotransmitters

A

directly change electrical potential of postsyn.
cell, affects 1, short-term effect

61
Q

anesthetics

A

interfere with neural transmission

62
Q

endorphins

A

bind to and block receptors, painkillers

63
Q

addiction

A

compulsive craving and use of psychoactive

64
Q

risk factors of addiction

A

dopamine secretion, genetic predisposition, social factors

65
Q

excitatory (stimulant) drug
exambles

A

nicotine (acetylcholine transmissions+, dopamine+)
amphetamines (adrenaline&dopamine+), MDMA/
ecstasy (serotonin&dopamine+), cocaine
(dopamine+)

66
Q

inhibitory drug examples

A

benzodiazepines (mimics GABA), alcohol (GABA+, glutamate-), cannabis (THC binds to cannabinoid receptors)

67
Q

excitatory drugs

A

increase synaptic transmission, bind to receptor, mimic neurotransmitter

68
Q

inhibitory drugs

A

decrease synaptic transmission, bind to receptor, block excitatory neurotransmitter

69
Q

How does the nervous system form in a developing embryo?

A

The nervous system forms through the development of the neural tube, which originates from the neural plate. The neural plate invaginates and folds to form the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. Neurons and glial cells differentiate from the cells within the neural tube, guided by signaling molecules and genetic factors.

70
Q

Which cells are the first to become nerve cells?

A

The cells within the neural plate are the first to become nerve cells or neurons. These cells undergo differentiation and further development to form the various types of neurons found in the nervous system.

71
Q

How do the cells organize themselves to form a nervous system?

A

The cells in the neural tube organize themselves through a process called neuronal migration. Neurons migrate to their specific locations within the developing brain and spinal cord, guided by chemical signals and structural cues. Once in place, they extend axons and dendrites to establish connections with other neurons, forming neural circuits and networks.

72
Q

What is the role of connections between neurons in the development of the nervous system?

A

Connections between neurons, known as synapses, play a crucial role in the development of the nervous system. Synapses enable the transmission of electrical and chemical signals between neurons, facilitating information processing and communication. They contribute to the establishment of neural circuits and networks, allowing for the development of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions.

73
Q

What happens to unused synapses?

A

During development, there is an overproduction of synapses, more than what is necessary for normal functioning. Unused or unnecessary synapses undergo a process called synaptic pruning. Through activity-dependent mechanisms and molecular signals, unused synapses are selectively eliminated, helping to refine and sculpt the developing nervous system

74
Q

What happens to synapses that are used regularly?

A

Synapses that are used regularly and participate in active communication between neurons undergo a process called synaptic plasticity. This involves changes in the strength and efficiency of the synaptic connections, known as synaptic potentiation. Regular use and strengthening of synapses contribute to the development of neural circuits and the establishment of functional networks in the nervous system. These processes are fundamental for learning, memory formation, and the refinement of sensory and motor abilities.

75
Q

How can a neural tube structure develop into a brain and spinal cord?

A

The neural tube, formed during embryonic development, undergoes complex processes of proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Specialized regions within the neural tube develop into distinct structures. At the anterior end, the neural tube expands and differentiates into various regions that form the brain. The posterior region remains relatively uniform and develops into the spinal cord.

76
Q

What are the main structures found in the brain called?

A

The main structures found in the brain are:
Cerebrum (including the cerebral cortex): The largest part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions.
Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, involved in motor coordination and balance.
Brainstem: Connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls essential functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and consciousness.
Basal Ganglia: Involved in motor control, reward, and habit formation.
Limbic System: Associated with emotions, memory, and motivation.

77
Q

What is the general function of each structure?

A

Cerebrum: Responsible for functions such as thinking, perception, memory, language, and voluntary movement.
Cerebellum: Coordinates and regulates voluntary movements, posture, and balance.
Brainstem: Controls basic vital functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and consciousness.
Basal Ganglia: Involved in motor control, habit formation, and reward processing.
Limbic System: Regulates emotions, memory formation, and motivation.

IB bio HL/SL (15 decks)

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