Bio Lecture 5 Flashcards
support bones (4)
legs
pelvis
vertebral column
jaw bones support teeth
_____ muscles are useful for movement because they are connected to bones
skeletal
bones enclose and protect organs and tissue such as (6)
brain
spinal cord
lungs
heart
pelvic viscera
bone marrow
____ ____ _____ - is the major producer of blood cells, including most cells of the immune system
red bone marrow
The _____ is the body’s main reservoir. It stores calcium and phosphate —> releases them when needed for other purposes
skeleton
____ -____ _____ - bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate
Acid-base balance
_____ - bone tissue removes heavy metals and other elements from the blood to reduce their toxic effects on other tissue
can release slowly for excretion
detoxification
______ _____ - is a connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals
the hardening process is called the mineralization or calcification
osseous tissue
other tissues in bone include (6)
adipose tissue
blood
bone marrow
cartilage
fibrous connective tissue
nervous tissue
“Bone” can denote an organ containing all these tissues, or it can denote to just the _____ _____
osseous tissue
_____ bones - roughly cylindrical in shape and longer than wide
serves as levers
demur, humerus, ulna
long
_____ bones - more nearly equal in length and width
have limited motion, but glide
carpals, tarsals
short
_____ bones - flat surfaces
enclose and protect soft organs and provide a surface for muscle attachment
cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula, ossa coxae
flat
_____ bones - elaborate shapes
vertebrae, ethmoid and sphenoid
irregular
_____ bone - bone tissue that forms the surface of the skeleton.
dense calcified tissue, no space visible to the naked eye
3/4 of skeleton is _____ bone, by weight
compact
_____ bone - tissue that fills up the heads of long bones
it is make up of many long delicate slivers that give a spongy appearance
spongy
_____ - the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
_____ - the expanded head at the end of a long bone
filled with spongy bone
contains red bone marrow
epiphysis
_____ _____ - cylindrical hallow cavity inside the diaphysis
contains yellow bone marrow
medullary cavity
______ _____ - hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis
it’s the zone where bones grow in length
when the plate is depleted, an epiphyseal line remains visible
epiphyseal plate
______ - a sheath that covers the bone and provides strong attachment from tendon to bone
periosteum
_____ ____ - fibers of the periosteum, that penetrate bone matrix
perforating fibers
______ ______ - minute holed through the compact bone that allow blood vessels of the periosteum to penetrate bone
nutrient foramina
_____ thin layer of connective tissue lining the inside of a diaphysis (lining of the medullary cavity)
endosteum
_____ cartilage - thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of adjoining bones
the cartilage along with synovial fluid, allows the bones to move easily at the joint
articular
______ cells - stem cells found in the endosteum, the periosteum, and compact bone. They multiply continually and some of them differentiate into osteoblasts
osteogenic
_____ - bone-building cells that synthesize the organic matter of the matrix and help mineralize bone
stress and fractures stimulate mitosis
osteoblasts
______ - mature bone cells that are essentially osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited
osteocytes
_____ - tiny cavities that house osteocytes
lacunae
_____ tiny cavities that house osteocytes
lacunae
______ - tiny channels that connect lacunae together
canaliculi
_____ bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface
Osteoclasts
they develop from the same marrow cells that produce monocytes of the blood
By weight, the matrix is _____ organic matter and _____ inorganic matter
1/3 organic
2/3 inorganic
organic matter (2)
Collagen
large protein-carbohydrate complexes
The collagen and minerals from a composite that gives bone _____ and _____
flexibility and strength
the minerals resist compression when:
bones are deficient in calcium salts, they become soft and bend easily
the collagen fibers give it the ability to resist tension, so that the bone can _______________________
bend slightly without snapping
The basic structural unit of compact bone is a cylindrical unit called an _____
osteon
Osteons are composed of _______ _______ - small rings surrounded by larger and larger rings of matrix
concentric lamellae
the central canal is a canal that passes lengthwise through the core of the _____ and contains blood vessels and nerves
osteon
_______ lie between adjacent layers of matrix and are connected with each other by canaliculi
Lacunae
_____ thin plates or sheets of calcified tissue
trabeculae
_____ spines of calcified tissue
spicules
______ and ______ form a latticelike appearance to resemble a sponge
trabeculae and spicules
____ _____ is a general term for the soft tissue that occupies the medullary cavity, the spaces within spongy bone, and larger central canals
bone marrow
_____ _____ _____ - tissue that forms blood cells (process called hemopoiesis)
Red bone marrow
_____ _____ _____ - replaces red bone marrow in the medullary cavity with age
stores fat
yellow bone marrow
________ ________ - process in which a bone develops from hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification
______ tissue condenses into a hyaline cartilage model that resembles the shape of the bone to come
Embryonic
in the cartilage model ______ near the center of the model multiply and swell forming a primary ossification center
chondrocytes
Within the primary ossification center:
As the _____ enlarges, the matrix between them is reduced to thin walls and the model becomes weak
Lacunae
Some cells of the perichondrium become osteoblasts, which produce a body collar (_____) around the model
periosteum
the _____ cuts off the diffusion of nutrients to the chondrocytes, killing them
periosteum
buds of connective tissue grow into the _____ and break down the _____
cartilage; lacunae
_______ ____ invade and produce osteoblasts which deposit osteoid tissue
osteogenic cells
Around the time of birth, ______ ________ _______ begin to form in the epiphyses
secondary ossification centers
_______ enlarge, the walls of the matrix between them dissolve, and _______ die
chondrocytes
_______ ____ arise from the perichondrium and grow into the cartilage, bringing osteogenic cells and osteoclasts with them
vascular buds
the cartilage is eroded from the center of the ______ outward in all direction
epiphysis
_____ _____ persists on the epiphyseal surfaces as articular cartilage and at the junctions with the diaphysis, where they form epiphyseal plates
Hyaline cartilage
At age __ osteoblasts become less active than osteoclasts
30
at age __ women lose about __ % of their bone mass per decade, and men lose about _% per decade
40
8% - women
3% - men
bone loss in the ___ contributes to tooth loss
jaws
facts: as bone density decreases, bones become brittle, and fractures occur more easily
fact: arthritis is also associated with aging
Fractures (2)
stress fractures
pathologic fractures
_____ fractures - breaks caused by abnormal trauma to a bone, such as incurred in falls, athletics, etc.
stress
_____ fractures - breaks due to bone that weakened by disease such as bone cancer or osteoporosis
pathologic
Osteoporosis means ______
involves loss of bone mass to the point the body weight cannot be supported
porous bones
weight-bearing bones of the vertebrae become compressed, and people may lose height and develop an exaggerated spinal curvature called _______
kyphosis
Axial skeleton (4)
ribs
sternum
skull
vertebral column
______ skeleton - bones of the upper and lower limbs, and bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdle
appendicular
bone landmarks (4)
articulations (3) - condyle, facet, head
depressions (3) - alveolus, fossa, sulcus
extensions & projections (8) crest, epicondyle, process, protuberance, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
passages (4) canal, fissure, foramen, meatus
Articulations
condyle - ___________
Facet - _____________
Head - _____________
Condyle – rounded knob
Facet – smooth, flat, slightly concave, or convex articular surface
Head – prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded
Depressions:
Alveolus – ________
Fossa – __________
Sulcus – __________
Alveolus – pit or socket
Fossa – shallow, broad, or elongated basin
Sulcus – a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel
Extensions and Projections:
Crest - ____________
Epicondyle - ________
Process - __________
Protuberance - ______
Spine - ____________
Trochanter - ________
Tubercle - __________
Tuberosity - ________
Crest – narrow ridge
Epicondyle – projection superior to a condyle
Process – any bony prominence
Protuberance – a bony outgrowth or protruding part
Spine – a sharp, slender, or narrow process
Trochanter – Massive process unique to the femur
Tubercle – a small rounded process
Tuberosity – rough surface
Passages:
canal - _________
fissure - ________
foramen - _______
meatus - ________
Canal – tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
Fissure - slit through a bone
Foramen – a hole through a bone, usually round
Meatus – an opening into a canal
