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Biology 1 > Bio Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

support bones (4)

A

legs
pelvis
vertebral column
jaw bones support teeth

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2
Q

_____ muscles are useful for movement because they are connected to bones

A

skeletal

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3
Q

bones enclose and protect organs and tissue such as (6)

A

brain
spinal cord
lungs
heart
pelvic viscera
bone marrow

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4
Q

____ ____ _____ - is the major producer of blood cells, including most cells of the immune system

A

red bone marrow

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5
Q

The _____ is the body’s main reservoir. It stores calcium and phosphate —> releases them when needed for other purposes

A

skeleton

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6
Q

____ -____ _____ - bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate

A

Acid-base balance

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7
Q

_____ - bone tissue removes heavy metals and other elements from the blood to reduce their toxic effects on other tissue

can release slowly for excretion

A

detoxification

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8
Q

______ _____ - is a connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

the hardening process is called the mineralization or calcification

A

osseous tissue

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9
Q

other tissues in bone include (6)

A

adipose tissue
blood
bone marrow
cartilage
fibrous connective tissue
nervous tissue

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10
Q

“Bone” can denote an organ containing all these tissues, or it can denote to just the _____ _____

A

osseous tissue

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11
Q

_____ bones - roughly cylindrical in shape and longer than wide

serves as levers

demur, humerus, ulna

A

long

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12
Q

_____ bones - more nearly equal in length and width

have limited motion, but glide
carpals, tarsals

A

short

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13
Q

_____ bones - flat surfaces

enclose and protect soft organs and provide a surface for muscle attachment

cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula, ossa coxae

A

flat

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14
Q

_____ bones - elaborate shapes

vertebrae, ethmoid and sphenoid

A

irregular

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15
Q

_____ bone - bone tissue that forms the surface of the skeleton.

dense calcified tissue, no space visible to the naked eye

3/4 of skeleton is _____ bone, by weight

A

compact

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16
Q

_____ bone - tissue that fills up the heads of long bones

it is make up of many long delicate slivers that give a spongy appearance

A

spongy

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17
Q

_____ - the shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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18
Q

_____ - the expanded head at the end of a long bone

filled with spongy bone
contains red bone marrow

A

epiphysis

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19
Q

_____ _____ - cylindrical hallow cavity inside the diaphysis

contains yellow bone marrow

A

medullary cavity

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20
Q

______ _____ - hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis

it’s the zone where bones grow in length

when the plate is depleted, an epiphyseal line remains visible

A

epiphyseal plate

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21
Q

______ - a sheath that covers the bone and provides strong attachment from tendon to bone

A

periosteum

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22
Q

_____ ____ - fibers of the periosteum, that penetrate bone matrix

A

perforating fibers

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23
Q

______ ______ - minute holed through the compact bone that allow blood vessels of the periosteum to penetrate bone

A

nutrient foramina

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24
Q

_____ thin layer of connective tissue lining the inside of a diaphysis (lining of the medullary cavity)

A

endosteum

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25
Q

_____ cartilage - thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of adjoining bones

the cartilage along with synovial fluid, allows the bones to move easily at the joint

A

articular

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26
Q

______ cells - stem cells found in the endosteum, the periosteum, and compact bone. They multiply continually and some of them differentiate into osteoblasts

A

osteogenic

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27
Q

_____ - bone-building cells that synthesize the organic matter of the matrix and help mineralize bone

stress and fractures stimulate mitosis

A

osteoblasts

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28
Q

______ - mature bone cells that are essentially osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

A

osteocytes

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29
Q

_____ - tiny cavities that house osteocytes

A

lacunae

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30
Q

_____ tiny cavities that house osteocytes

A

lacunae

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31
Q

______ - tiny channels that connect lacunae together

A

canaliculi

32
Q

_____ bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface

A

Osteoclasts

they develop from the same marrow cells that produce monocytes of the blood

33
Q

By weight, the matrix is _____ organic matter and _____ inorganic matter

A

1/3 organic
2/3 inorganic

34
Q

organic matter (2)

A

Collagen
large protein-carbohydrate complexes

35
Q

The collagen and minerals from a composite that gives bone _____ and _____

A

flexibility and strength

36
Q

the minerals resist compression when:

A

bones are deficient in calcium salts, they become soft and bend easily

37
Q

the collagen fibers give it the ability to resist tension, so that the bone can _______________________

A

bend slightly without snapping

38
Q

The basic structural unit of compact bone is a cylindrical unit called an _____

A

osteon

39
Q

Osteons are composed of _______ _______ - small rings surrounded by larger and larger rings of matrix

A

concentric lamellae

40
Q

the central canal is a canal that passes lengthwise through the core of the _____ and contains blood vessels and nerves

A

osteon

41
Q

_______ lie between adjacent layers of matrix and are connected with each other by canaliculi

A

Lacunae

42
Q

_____ thin plates or sheets of calcified tissue

A

trabeculae

43
Q

_____ spines of calcified tissue

A

spicules

44
Q

______ and ______ form a latticelike appearance to resemble a sponge

A

trabeculae and spicules

45
Q

____ _____ is a general term for the soft tissue that occupies the medullary cavity, the spaces within spongy bone, and larger central canals

A

bone marrow

46
Q

_____ _____ _____ - tissue that forms blood cells (process called hemopoiesis)

A

Red bone marrow

47
Q

_____ _____ _____ - replaces red bone marrow in the medullary cavity with age

stores fat

A

yellow bone marrow

48
Q

________ ________ - process in which a bone develops from hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

49
Q

______ tissue condenses into a hyaline cartilage model that resembles the shape of the bone to come

A

Embryonic

50
Q

in the cartilage model ______ near the center of the model multiply and swell forming a primary ossification center

A

chondrocytes

51
Q

Within the primary ossification center:

As the _____ enlarges, the matrix between them is reduced to thin walls and the model becomes weak

A

Lacunae

52
Q

Some cells of the perichondrium become osteoblasts, which produce a body collar (_____) around the model

A

periosteum

53
Q

the _____ cuts off the diffusion of nutrients to the chondrocytes, killing them

A

periosteum

54
Q

buds of connective tissue grow into the _____ and break down the _____

A

cartilage; lacunae

55
Q

_______ ____ invade and produce osteoblasts which deposit osteoid tissue

A

osteogenic cells

56
Q

Around the time of birth, ______ ________ _______ begin to form in the epiphyses

A

secondary ossification centers

57
Q

_______ enlarge, the walls of the matrix between them dissolve, and _______ die

A

chondrocytes

58
Q

_______ ____ arise from the perichondrium and grow into the cartilage, bringing osteogenic cells and osteoclasts with them

A

vascular buds

59
Q

the cartilage is eroded from the center of the ______ outward in all direction

A

epiphysis

60
Q

_____ _____ persists on the epiphyseal surfaces as articular cartilage and at the junctions with the diaphysis, where they form epiphyseal plates

A

Hyaline cartilage

61
Q

At age __ osteoblasts become less active than osteoclasts

A

30

62
Q

at age __ women lose about __ % of their bone mass per decade, and men lose about _% per decade

A

40
8% - women
3% - men

63
Q

bone loss in the ___ contributes to tooth loss

A

jaws

64
Q

facts: as bone density decreases, bones become brittle, and fractures occur more easily

A

fact: arthritis is also associated with aging

65
Q

Fractures (2)

A

stress fractures
pathologic fractures

66
Q

_____ fractures - breaks caused by abnormal trauma to a bone, such as incurred in falls, athletics, etc.

A

stress

67
Q

_____ fractures - breaks due to bone that weakened by disease such as bone cancer or osteoporosis

A

pathologic

68
Q

Osteoporosis means ______

involves loss of bone mass to the point the body weight cannot be supported

A

porous bones

69
Q

weight-bearing bones of the vertebrae become compressed, and people may lose height and develop an exaggerated spinal curvature called _______

A

kyphosis

70
Q

Axial skeleton (4)

A

ribs
sternum
skull
vertebral column

71
Q

______ skeleton - bones of the upper and lower limbs, and bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdle

A

appendicular

72
Q

bone landmarks (4)

A

articulations (3) - condyle, facet, head
depressions (3) - alveolus, fossa, sulcus

extensions & projections (8) crest, epicondyle, process, protuberance, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

passages (4) canal, fissure, foramen, meatus

73
Q

Articulations

condyle - ___________
Facet - _____________
Head - _____________

A

Condyle – rounded knob

Facet – smooth, flat, slightly concave, or convex articular surface

Head – prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded

74
Q

Depressions:

Alveolus – ________
Fossa – __________
Sulcus – __________

A

Alveolus – pit or socket

Fossa – shallow, broad, or elongated basin

Sulcus – a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

75
Q

Extensions and Projections:

Crest - ____________
Epicondyle - ________
Process - __________
Protuberance - ______
Spine - ____________
Trochanter - ________
Tubercle - __________
Tuberosity - ________

A

Crest – narrow ridge

Epicondyle – projection superior to a condyle

Process – any bony prominence

Protuberance – a bony outgrowth or protruding part

Spine – a sharp, slender, or narrow process

Trochanter – Massive process unique to the femur

Tubercle – a small rounded process

Tuberosity – rough surface

76
Q

Passages:

canal - _________
fissure - ________
foramen - _______
meatus - ________

A

Canal – tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
Fissure - slit through a bone
Foramen – a hole through a bone, usually round
Meatus – an opening into a canal

Biology 1 (6 decks)

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