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Biology 1 > Bio Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A _____ - material that surrounds the cell and is composed of fibrous proteins and ground substance

A

matrix

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2
Q

tissue differences (3)

A
  • types and functions of the cell
  • characteristic of the matrix (extracellular material) that surrounds the cells
  • relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix
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3
Q

_____ is a type of tissue composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells, either covering an organ surface of forming the secretory tissue and ducts of a gland

A

Epithelium

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4
Q

Epithelium is found in linings of organs, the lining of body cavities, and forms the epidermis of the skin

A

The extracellular material is so thin, there’s no blood

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5
Q

Anchoring the epithelium to the connective tissue below is a layer of tissue called the _____ _____

A

basement membrane

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6
Q

Surfaces of epithelium that face the basement membrane are _____ _____

A

basal surfaces

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7
Q

Surfaces that face away from the basement membrane are _____ _____

A

apical surface

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8
Q

_____ epithelium: having only a single layer of layers

A

simple

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9
Q

_____ _____ - single layer of flat, scale-like cells

found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsules of kidneys

A

simple squamous

allows rapid diffusion or transport through membranes

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10
Q

_____ _____ – single layer of cube-shaped (rounded) cells

Found in the liver, thyroid, and many glands

A

Simple cuboidal

For absorption and secretion

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11
Q

_____ _____ – single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide – greater volume allows more absorption & secretion

Found in the lining of the stomach, intestines, uterus

A

Simple columnar

Absorption, secretion of mucus

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12
Q

simple _____ columnar epithelium has cilia to move the egg through the _____ _____

A

ciliated; uterine tubes

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13
Q

_________ _____ - Epithelium that has the appearance of having multiple layers (stratified), but which actually has a single layer of cells that are not all the same height

A

Pseudostratified columnar

secretes and propels mucus (has cilia)

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14
Q

_____ - having two or more layers of cells, with some cells resting on others, rather than being in direct contact with the basement membrane

A

stratified

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15
Q

stratified _____ - multiple layers of flat, scale-like cells

flat on the surface

two types - with keratin and without

A

squamous

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16
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found on the ____ ______ and resists water loss and provides resistance to skin penetration

A

skin surface

resists abrasion, penetration, water loss

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17
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium provides a surface that is _____ _____, but is also moist and slippery

A

abrasion resistant

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18
Q

stratified _____ - multiple layers of cube-shaped cells

A

cuboidal

contributes to sweat, secretes hormones, produces sperm

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19
Q

stratified ______ - multiple layers of cells that are taller than they are wide

A

columnar

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20
Q

_______ epithelium - multiple layers of cells that were once thought to represent a transitional stage between squamous and columnar

A

transitional

stretches to allow filling of urinary tract

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21
Q

connective tissue functions (6)

binding of organs -
tendons bind muscle to bone
ligaments bind bone to bone
fat holds kidney in place

A

support, protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport

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22
Q

_____ - Large flat cells that appear tapered at the ends and produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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23
Q

_____ - Large phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign matter, or dead and dying cells

A

Leukocytes

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24
Q

_____ cells - cells found along blood vessels that secrete heparin or histamine to inhibit blood clotting or increase blood flow

A

mast

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25
Q

_____ - Fat cells

A

Adipocytes

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26
Q

_______ fibers - tough, flexible fibers, made of collagen

A

Collagenous

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27
Q

_____ fibers - thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, forming a spongelike network

A

reticular

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28
Q

_____ fibers - fibers composed of a protein called elastin, which has a coiled structure that allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band

A

Elastic

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29
Q

_____ substance - Three classes of large molecules that form a gel in connective tissue that slows down the spread of bacteria and other pathogens. They also bind tissue components together

A

Ground

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30
Q

Fibrous connective tissue (2)

A

loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

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31
Q

____ connective tissue - much space is occupied by ground substance

A

loose

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32
Q

_____ tissue - has fibers that run in random directions and has a highly variable appearance

it surrounds blood vessels and nerves, allowing passage through other tissues

A

areolar

provides space for immune defense
provides nutrients and waste removal for overlying epithelia

33
Q

_____ tissue - has a mesh-like appearance and forms the structural framework of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

A

reticular

34
Q

_____ tissue - tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type

it stores energy and provides cushioning

A

adipose

35
Q

_____ connective tissue - fibers take up more space than cells or ground substance

A

Dense

36
Q

Dense _____ connective tissue - has fibers that are closely packed and the fibers run parallel to the direction of force

binds to muscle to bone and bone to bone

A

regular

37
Q

dense _____ connective tissue - has thick bundles of collagen which run in random directions

it binds the skin to muscle and withstands stress in unpredictable directions

A

irregular

38
Q

_____ - supports connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix

A

cartilage

39
Q

_____ cartilage - found in the trachea and over the ends of bones at movable joints

it holds the airways open and eases joint movement

A

Hyaline

40
Q

_____ cartilage - found in the external ear and nose

provides flexible, elastic support

A

elastic

41
Q

_____cartilage - found in the pubic symphysis and between the bones of the vertebral column

A

fibro

42
Q

_____ bone is bone tissue that fills the heads of the long bones

it is made up of many delicate slivers that give it a spongy appearance

A

spongy

43
Q

_____ bone - is bone tissue that forms the surface of the skeleton.

it is more dense calcified tissue, with no spaces visible to the naked eye

A

compact

44
Q

_____ is the ground substance part of the blood (liquid part)

A

plasma

45
Q

formed elements are cells and cell fragments that carry oxygen, fight infection or help to form clots if an injury occurs

A

formed elements are cells and cell fragments that carry oxygen, fight infection or help to form clots if an injury occurs

46
Q

_____ _____ - is tissue specialized for rapid communication by means of electrical and chemical signals

A

nervous tissue

47
Q

_____ are specialized cells that detect stimuli and transmit information rapidly to other cells

A

neurons

48
Q

_____ - cell body that houses the nucleus and other organelles

A

soma

49
Q

_____ - processes extending from the cell body that receive signals from the other cells

A

dendrites

50
Q

_____ - processes (1 for each neuron) that send outgoing signals from the stoma

A

axons

51
Q

_____ cells - cells that support and assist the neurons

A

glial

52
Q

_____ tissue - is the tissue that is specialized to contract when stimulated

(thus exerting physical force on other tissues)

A

muscular

53
Q

_____ muscle

long cylindrical cells, with striations and multiple nuclei

muscles attached to bones, but voluntary

body movements, breathing, speech

A

skeletal

54
Q

_____ muscle

short branched cells connected by intercalated discs and having one nucleus

involuntary blood pumping

A

cardiac

55
Q

_____ muscle

short fusiform, one nucleus, no striations

found as sheets of tissue in the walls of internal organs and sphincters

movement of food or urine , involuntary

A

smooth

56
Q

_____ are organs or cells that secrete substances for use in the body or for elimination from the body

A

glands

57
Q

______ glands - goblet cells are shaped like wineglasses, found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes

A

single- celled

58
Q

_____ glands - include all other glands in which multiple cells work together to produce secretions

A

multicellular

59
Q

_____ glands are glands that convey their secretions through ducts to the surface of the body or to the lumen (cavity) of another organ

A

exocrine

60
Q

_____ glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream for transport to target cells

A

endocrine

61
Q

types of secretions (4)

A

serous
mucous
mixed
cytogenic

62
Q

_____ glands produce a glycoprotein called mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus

A

Mucous

63
Q

_____ glands produce relatively thin, watery fluids, such as perspiration, milk, or tears

A

serous

64
Q

_____ glands contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions

A

mixed

65
Q

_____ glands release whole cells (sperm or egg cells)

A

cytogenic

66
Q

Methods of secretion (3)

A

merocrine
holocrine
apocrine

67
Q

_____ glands release their secretions by exocytosis

A

merocrine

68
Q

_____ glands accumulate products within the cell and then disintegrates so that the substance released is a mixture of product and cell fragments

A

holocrine

69
Q

_____ glands were named when it was believed that bits of apical cytoplasm broke away from the cell surface

A

apocrine

70
Q

membranes (7)

A

mucous membranes
endothelium membranes
serous membranes
synovial membranes
Stratified membranes
cutaneous membranes

71
Q

_____ membranes - skin

stratified squamous epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue

A

cutaneous

72
Q

_____ membranes - membranes that line passageways leading to the exterior

A

stratified

73
Q

_____ membranes - membranes that produce watery serous fluid

line the insides of some body cavities and form a smooth surface on the outer surface of some viscera

A

serous

74
Q

_____ - simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumens of the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels

A

endothelium

75
Q

_____ membranes - membranes made of connective tissue that span the gap from bone to bone and secrete slippery synovial fluid into the joint

A

synovial

76
Q

_____ - growth through cell multiplication

A

hyperplasia

77
Q

_____ - enlargement of existing cells

A

hypertrophy

78
Q

_____ replacement of cells by the same type of cells

A

regeneration

79
Q

_____ replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen

A

fibrosis

Biology 1 (6 decks)

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