Bio Lecture 3 Flashcards
A _____ - material that surrounds the cell and is composed of fibrous proteins and ground substance
matrix
tissue differences (3)
- types and functions of the cell
- characteristic of the matrix (extracellular material) that surrounds the cells
- relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix
_____ is a type of tissue composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells, either covering an organ surface of forming the secretory tissue and ducts of a gland
Epithelium
Epithelium is found in linings of organs, the lining of body cavities, and forms the epidermis of the skin
The extracellular material is so thin, there’s no blood
Anchoring the epithelium to the connective tissue below is a layer of tissue called the _____ _____
basement membrane
Surfaces of epithelium that face the basement membrane are _____ _____
basal surfaces
Surfaces that face away from the basement membrane are _____ _____
apical surface
_____ epithelium: having only a single layer of layers
simple
_____ _____ - single layer of flat, scale-like cells
found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsules of kidneys
simple squamous
allows rapid diffusion or transport through membranes
_____ _____ – single layer of cube-shaped (rounded) cells
Found in the liver, thyroid, and many glands
Simple cuboidal
For absorption and secretion
_____ _____ – single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide – greater volume allows more absorption & secretion
Found in the lining of the stomach, intestines, uterus
Simple columnar
Absorption, secretion of mucus
simple _____ columnar epithelium has cilia to move the egg through the _____ _____
ciliated; uterine tubes
_________ _____ - Epithelium that has the appearance of having multiple layers (stratified), but which actually has a single layer of cells that are not all the same height
Pseudostratified columnar
secretes and propels mucus (has cilia)
_____ - having two or more layers of cells, with some cells resting on others, rather than being in direct contact with the basement membrane
stratified
stratified _____ - multiple layers of flat, scale-like cells
flat on the surface
two types - with keratin and without
squamous
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found on the ____ ______ and resists water loss and provides resistance to skin penetration
skin surface
resists abrasion, penetration, water loss
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium provides a surface that is _____ _____, but is also moist and slippery
abrasion resistant
stratified _____ - multiple layers of cube-shaped cells
cuboidal
contributes to sweat, secretes hormones, produces sperm
stratified ______ - multiple layers of cells that are taller than they are wide
columnar
_______ epithelium - multiple layers of cells that were once thought to represent a transitional stage between squamous and columnar
transitional
stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
connective tissue functions (6)
binding of organs -
tendons bind muscle to bone
ligaments bind bone to bone
fat holds kidney in place
support, protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport
_____ - Large flat cells that appear tapered at the ends and produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue
Fibroblasts
_____ - Large phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign matter, or dead and dying cells
Leukocytes
_____ cells - cells found along blood vessels that secrete heparin or histamine to inhibit blood clotting or increase blood flow
mast
_____ - Fat cells
Adipocytes
_______ fibers - tough, flexible fibers, made of collagen
Collagenous
_____ fibers - thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, forming a spongelike network
reticular
_____ fibers - fibers composed of a protein called elastin, which has a coiled structure that allows it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band
Elastic
_____ substance - Three classes of large molecules that form a gel in connective tissue that slows down the spread of bacteria and other pathogens. They also bind tissue components together
Ground
Fibrous connective tissue (2)
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue
____ connective tissue - much space is occupied by ground substance
loose
_____ tissue - has fibers that run in random directions and has a highly variable appearance
it surrounds blood vessels and nerves, allowing passage through other tissues
areolar
provides space for immune defense
provides nutrients and waste removal for overlying epithelia
_____ tissue - has a mesh-like appearance and forms the structural framework of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
reticular
_____ tissue - tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
it stores energy and provides cushioning
adipose
_____ connective tissue - fibers take up more space than cells or ground substance
Dense
Dense _____ connective tissue - has fibers that are closely packed and the fibers run parallel to the direction of force
binds to muscle to bone and bone to bone
regular
dense _____ connective tissue - has thick bundles of collagen which run in random directions
it binds the skin to muscle and withstands stress in unpredictable directions
irregular
_____ - supports connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix
cartilage
_____ cartilage - found in the trachea and over the ends of bones at movable joints
it holds the airways open and eases joint movement
Hyaline
_____ cartilage - found in the external ear and nose
provides flexible, elastic support
elastic
_____cartilage - found in the pubic symphysis and between the bones of the vertebral column
fibro
_____ bone is bone tissue that fills the heads of the long bones
it is made up of many delicate slivers that give it a spongy appearance
spongy
_____ bone - is bone tissue that forms the surface of the skeleton.
it is more dense calcified tissue, with no spaces visible to the naked eye
compact
_____ is the ground substance part of the blood (liquid part)
plasma
formed elements are cells and cell fragments that carry oxygen, fight infection or help to form clots if an injury occurs
formed elements are cells and cell fragments that carry oxygen, fight infection or help to form clots if an injury occurs
_____ _____ - is tissue specialized for rapid communication by means of electrical and chemical signals
nervous tissue
_____ are specialized cells that detect stimuli and transmit information rapidly to other cells
neurons
_____ - cell body that houses the nucleus and other organelles
soma
_____ - processes extending from the cell body that receive signals from the other cells
dendrites
_____ - processes (1 for each neuron) that send outgoing signals from the stoma
axons
_____ cells - cells that support and assist the neurons
glial
_____ tissue - is the tissue that is specialized to contract when stimulated
(thus exerting physical force on other tissues)
muscular
_____ muscle
long cylindrical cells, with striations and multiple nuclei
muscles attached to bones, but voluntary
body movements, breathing, speech
skeletal
_____ muscle
short branched cells connected by intercalated discs and having one nucleus
involuntary blood pumping
cardiac
_____ muscle
short fusiform, one nucleus, no striations
found as sheets of tissue in the walls of internal organs and sphincters
movement of food or urine , involuntary
smooth
_____ are organs or cells that secrete substances for use in the body or for elimination from the body
glands
______ glands - goblet cells are shaped like wineglasses, found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes
single- celled
_____ glands - include all other glands in which multiple cells work together to produce secretions
multicellular
_____ glands are glands that convey their secretions through ducts to the surface of the body or to the lumen (cavity) of another organ
exocrine
_____ glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream for transport to target cells
endocrine
types of secretions (4)
serous
mucous
mixed
cytogenic
_____ glands produce a glycoprotein called mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
Mucous
_____ glands produce relatively thin, watery fluids, such as perspiration, milk, or tears
serous
_____ glands contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
mixed
_____ glands release whole cells (sperm or egg cells)
cytogenic
Methods of secretion (3)
merocrine
holocrine
apocrine
_____ glands release their secretions by exocytosis
merocrine
_____ glands accumulate products within the cell and then disintegrates so that the substance released is a mixture of product and cell fragments
holocrine
_____ glands were named when it was believed that bits of apical cytoplasm broke away from the cell surface
apocrine
membranes (7)
mucous membranes
endothelium membranes
serous membranes
synovial membranes
Stratified membranes
cutaneous membranes
_____ membranes - skin
stratified squamous epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
cutaneous
_____ membranes - membranes that line passageways leading to the exterior
stratified
_____ membranes - membranes that produce watery serous fluid
line the insides of some body cavities and form a smooth surface on the outer surface of some viscera
serous
_____ - simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumens of the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels
endothelium
_____ membranes - membranes made of connective tissue that span the gap from bone to bone and secrete slippery synovial fluid into the joint
synovial
_____ - growth through cell multiplication
hyperplasia
_____ - enlargement of existing cells
hypertrophy
_____ replacement of cells by the same type of cells
regeneration
_____ replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen
fibrosis
