Bio Lecture 2 Flashcards
Squamous
thin, flat, scaly
cuboidal
roughly equal in length, width, and height
columnar
taller than they are wide
polygonal
having irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides
stellate
having multiple pointed processes
spheroid to ovoid
round to oval in shape
discoid
disc shaped
fusiform
spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends
fibrous
long, slender, and threadlike
a micrometer is _____ of a meter
one-millionth
most human cells are about ___ to ___ micrometers wide
10 , 15
time required for _____ is proportional to the square of distance
diffusion
The surface area is proportional to the square of its _____
while the volume is proportional to the cube of its _____
diameter
plasma membrane does what?
forms the surface boundary of the cell
cytoplasm is?
material between the cell membrane and the nucleus
supports the framework of protein filaments and tubules
cytoskeleton
diverse structures
organelles
inclusions
include cell products such as lipids and pigments and foreign bodies such as dust and bacteria
clear gel of fluid inside the cell
cytosol
material within the nucleus surface
nucleoplasm
essentially a two-layered lipid film with proteins embedded in it
plasma membrane
phospholipids make up ___% of the membrane lipid molecules
75
two fatty acid tails are _____ while the phosphate-containing head is _____
hydrophobic, hydrophilic
___ _____ substances pass in and out of the cell through the phospholipid bilayer
Fat soluble
_____ proteins may pass all the way through the plasma membrane
integral
______ proteins may adhere to the face of the membrane
peripheral
(Role) - some hormones and neurotransmitters bind to cells at these proteins to trigger physiological changes inside the cell
Receptors
(Role) - after chemical messages are received, some membrane proteins break down those messengers
Enzymes
(Role) - water and solutes may pass through tunnels made of proteins to enter or leave the cell membrane
Channel proteins
(Role) - some proteins function as genetic identification tags to allow the body to determine if cells belong to the body or are foreign
cell identification markers
(Role) - some proteins allow cells to stick to each other
Cell adhesion molecules
(Role) - some proteins actively bind to a substance on one side of the membrane and then release it on the other side
Carriers
___ ___ - to control the passage of materials into and out of the cell
Membrane transport
_____ - a process in which a physical pressure forces material through a membrane
filtration
___ ___ - the net movement of particles from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration
simple diffusion
selective permeable membrane allows ___
some molecules to pass through
_____ - the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from the side where water is more concentrated to where water is less concentrated
osmosis
_____ _____ - movement of a solute through a membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier
facilitated diffusion
The carrier binds to the particle on one side, where the solute is ____ _____, and releases it on the other side, where it is ____ _____
more concentrated, less concentrated
_____ _____ - carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient, with the expenditure of ATP
Active transport
_____ _____ - movement of larger particles or droplets of fluid through the membrane in bubble-like vesicles
Vesicular transport
Endocytosis - into the cell
Exocytosis - out of the cell
_____ - a layer of carbohydrates on the glycoproteins and glycolipids of the plasma membrane forms a fuzzy, sugary coating
Glycocalyx
The coating does: (3)
- cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from injury
- functions in cell identity
- contains cell-adhesion molecules that help bind tissues together
_____ - extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area
microvilli
_____ - hairlike processes that extend from cells
cilia
Motile cilia - _____
Non-motile cilia - _____
beat in waves that move materials along the outside surface of the cell
are not well understood, but some are sensory
_____ - long whiplike tails for movement of sperm cells
flagella
_____ _____ - arrangements of proteins that link cells together and attach them to extracellular material
Intercellular Junctions
_____ junctions - a zipperlike junction between epithelial cells that limits the passage of substances between them
Tight
_____ - a patch-like intercellular junction that mechanically links two cells together
desmosomes
___ _____ - A junction between two cells consisting of a pore surrounded by a ring of proteins in the plasma membrane in each cell
Gap Junctions
(The pore allows solutes to diffuse from the cytoplasm of one cell to the next, which makes communication between the cells possible)
_____ - system of filaments and tubules that provide physical support,
allow cellular movement, and control routing of molecules and organelles to their
destinations within the cell
Cytoskeleton
_____ _____ - An extensive system of interconnected tubules or channels enclosed in a membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
_____ ER - contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins for export from the cell
_____ ER - involved in detoxification, steroid synthesis, and storage of calcium ions
Rough
Smooth
_____ - Granules composed of ribosomal RNA and enzymes that read sequences of messenger RNA to assemble sequences of amino acids
to make proteins
Ribosomes
____ _____ - Organelle that modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins and synthesizes carbohydrates
Golgi complex
_____ - Organelles that contain enzymes that are used to digest foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles
Lysosomes
_____ - Organelles containing enzymes that detoxify drugs and break down fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide in the process
Peroxisomes
_____ - Organelles specialized to synthesize ATP
mitochondria
_____ - organelles composed of short cylinders of microtubules, that are the origin of the mitotic spindles
Centrioles
_____ - any visible object in the cytoplasm of a cell other than an organelle or cytoskeletal element, such as a dust particle, lipid droplet, or pigment
inclusions
_____ - the production of egg and sperm cells (haploid cells)
Meiosis
_____ - produces identical cells for growth or replacement of damaged cells
Mitosis
Interphase
- precedes replication activities
- the phase where most cells remain for long periods of time
- DNA is replicated
Prophase
- the DNA chromosomes coil into short, dense rods called chromatids
The _____________________ are two genetically
identical bodies joined together at a pinched spot
called the centromere
chromatids
