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Biology 1 > Bio Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Squamous

A

thin, flat, scaly

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2
Q

cuboidal

A

roughly equal in length, width, and height

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3
Q

columnar

A

taller than they are wide

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4
Q

polygonal

A

having irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides

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5
Q

stellate

A

having multiple pointed processes

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6
Q

spheroid to ovoid

A

round to oval in shape

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7
Q

discoid

A

disc shaped

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8
Q

fusiform

A

spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends

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9
Q

fibrous

A

long, slender, and threadlike

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10
Q

a micrometer is _____ of a meter

A

one-millionth

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11
Q

most human cells are about ___ to ___ micrometers wide

A

10 , 15

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12
Q

time required for _____ is proportional to the square of distance

A

diffusion

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13
Q

The surface area is proportional to the square of its _____
while the volume is proportional to the cube of its _____

A

diameter

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14
Q

plasma membrane does what?

A

forms the surface boundary of the cell

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15
Q

cytoplasm is?

A

material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

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16
Q

supports the framework of protein filaments and tubules

A

cytoskeleton

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17
Q

diverse structures

A

organelles

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18
Q

inclusions

A

include cell products such as lipids and pigments and foreign bodies such as dust and bacteria

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19
Q

clear gel of fluid inside the cell

A

cytosol

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20
Q

material within the nucleus surface

A

nucleoplasm

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21
Q

essentially a two-layered lipid film with proteins embedded in it

A

plasma membrane

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22
Q

phospholipids make up ___% of the membrane lipid molecules

A

75

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23
Q

two fatty acid tails are _____ while the phosphate-containing head is _____

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

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24
Q

___ _____ substances pass in and out of the cell through the phospholipid bilayer

A

Fat soluble

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25
Q

_____ proteins may pass all the way through the plasma membrane

A

integral

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26
Q

______ proteins may adhere to the face of the membrane

A

peripheral

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27
Q

(Role) - some hormones and neurotransmitters bind to cells at these proteins to trigger physiological changes inside the cell

A

Receptors

28
Q

(Role) - after chemical messages are received, some membrane proteins break down those messengers

A

Enzymes

29
Q

(Role) - water and solutes may pass through tunnels made of proteins to enter or leave the cell membrane

A

Channel proteins

30
Q

(Role) - some proteins function as genetic identification tags to allow the body to determine if cells belong to the body or are foreign

A

cell identification markers

31
Q

(Role) - some proteins allow cells to stick to each other

A

Cell adhesion molecules

32
Q

(Role) - some proteins actively bind to a substance on one side of the membrane and then release it on the other side

A

Carriers

33
Q

___ ___ - to control the passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

Membrane transport

34
Q

_____ - a process in which a physical pressure forces material through a membrane

A

filtration

35
Q

___ ___ - the net movement of particles from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration

A

simple diffusion

36
Q

selective permeable membrane allows ___

A

some molecules to pass through

37
Q

_____ - the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from the side where water is more concentrated to where water is less concentrated

A

osmosis

38
Q

_____ _____ - movement of a solute through a membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier

A

facilitated diffusion

39
Q

The carrier binds to the particle on one side, where the solute is ____ _____, and releases it on the other side, where it is ____ _____

A

more concentrated, less concentrated

40
Q

_____ _____ - carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient, with the expenditure of ATP

A

Active transport

41
Q

_____ _____ - movement of larger particles or droplets of fluid through the membrane in bubble-like vesicles

A

Vesicular transport

42
Q

Endocytosis - into the cell

A

Exocytosis - out of the cell

43
Q

_____ - a layer of carbohydrates on the glycoproteins and glycolipids of the plasma membrane forms a fuzzy, sugary coating

A

Glycocalyx

44
Q

The coating does: (3)

A
  • cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from injury
  • functions in cell identity
  • contains cell-adhesion molecules that help bind tissues together
45
Q

_____ - extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area

A

microvilli

46
Q

_____ - hairlike processes that extend from cells

A

cilia

47
Q

Motile cilia - _____
Non-motile cilia - _____

A

beat in waves that move materials along the outside surface of the cell

are not well understood, but some are sensory

48
Q

_____ - long whiplike tails for movement of sperm cells

A

flagella

49
Q

_____ _____ - arrangements of proteins that link cells together and attach them to extracellular material

A

Intercellular Junctions

50
Q

_____ junctions - a zipperlike junction between epithelial cells that limits the passage of substances between them

A

Tight

51
Q

_____ - a patch-like intercellular junction that mechanically links two cells together

A

desmosomes

52
Q

___ _____ - A junction between two cells consisting of a pore surrounded by a ring of proteins in the plasma membrane in each cell

A

Gap Junctions
(The pore allows solutes to diffuse from the cytoplasm of one cell to the next, which makes communication between the cells possible)

53
Q

_____ - system of filaments and tubules that provide physical support,
allow cellular movement, and control routing of molecules and organelles to their
destinations within the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

54
Q

_____ _____ - An extensive system of interconnected tubules or channels enclosed in a membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

55
Q

_____ ER - contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins for export from the cell

_____ ER - involved in detoxification, steroid synthesis, and storage of calcium ions

A

Rough
Smooth

56
Q

_____ - Granules composed of ribosomal RNA and enzymes that read sequences of messenger RNA to assemble sequences of amino acids
to make proteins

A

Ribosomes

57
Q

____ _____ - Organelle that modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins and synthesizes carbohydrates

A

Golgi complex

58
Q

_____ - Organelles that contain enzymes that are used to digest foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles

A

Lysosomes

59
Q

_____ - Organelles containing enzymes that detoxify drugs and break down fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide in the process

A

Peroxisomes

60
Q

_____ - Organelles specialized to synthesize ATP

A

mitochondria

61
Q

_____ - organelles composed of short cylinders of microtubules, that are the origin of the mitotic spindles

A

Centrioles

62
Q

_____ - any visible object in the cytoplasm of a cell other than an organelle or cytoskeletal element, such as a dust particle, lipid droplet, or pigment

A

inclusions

63
Q

_____ - the production of egg and sperm cells (haploid cells)

A

Meiosis

64
Q

_____ - produces identical cells for growth or replacement of damaged cells

A

Mitosis

65
Q

Interphase
- precedes replication activities
- the phase where most cells remain for long periods of time
- DNA is replicated

A

Prophase
- the DNA chromosomes coil into short, dense rods called chromatids

66
Q

The _____________________ are two genetically
identical bodies joined together at a pinched spot
called the centromere

A

chromatids

Biology 1 (6 decks)

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