Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 1 > Bio Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

skin accounts for __% of the body weight

A

15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functions of skin (6)

A

resistance to trauma and infection
water retention
vitamin d
sensation
thermoregulation
nonverbal communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

resistance to trauma and infection (3)

A
  • epidermal cells are packed with keratin
  • resists and recovers from injury better than other organs
  • bacteria and fungi may live on the skin surface, but the relative dryness and slight acidity of the skin keeps numbers down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

water retention (2)

A
  • prevents the body from absorbing too much water from the outside
  • prevents the body from losing excess water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

vitamin d (2)

A
  • necessary for bone development and maintenance
  • the first step in synthesis occurs in the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sensation (1)

A
  • the skin is equipped with nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thermoregulation (2)

A
  • in response to chilling, the skin helps to retain heat through vasoconstriction
  • in response to overheating, the skin helps to cool the body through vasodilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nonverbal communication (1)

A
  • complex skeletal muscle inserts on dermal collagen fibers and pulls on the skin to create subtle and varied facial expressions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ _____ - undifferentiated cells that undergo mitosis and give rise to keratinocytes.

only in the stratum basale

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ - cells that synthesize melanin. they are found in the stratum basale

A

melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ - cells that make up most of the epidermal cells and that are named for their role in synthesizing keratin

A

keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____ cells - cells that are receptors for the sense of touch. they are found in the stratum basale

A

tactile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ cells - cells that are macrophages that “stand guard” against pathogens that penetrate the skin and alert the immune system if such invaders are detected.

They are found in the stratum spinosum and in the stratum granulosum

A

dendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

layers of the epidermis (5)

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stratum _____ - bottom layer of the epidermis

A

basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stratum _____ - mainly single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes on the basement membrane

A

basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stratum _____ - some melanocytes and tactile cells are scattered here

A

basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stratum _____ - stem cells undergo mitosis and give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward the skin surface

A

basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stratum _____ many layers of keratinocytes above the stratum basale

A

spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stratum _____ - deepest cells are capable of mitosis, but cells closer to the surface stop dividing and produce more keratin which causes the cell to flatten

A

spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stratum _____ - dendritic cells may be found

A

spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stratum _____ - cells here have a spiny appearance, but only after preservation techniques

A

spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stratum _____ - three to five layers of flat keratinocytes and some dendritic cells

A

granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stratum _____ - the keratinocytes in this layer produce keratohyalin granules

A

granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stratum _____ - a thin transparent layer seen only in thick skin

A

lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

stratum _____ - cells here have no organelles, so the zone appears featureless

A

lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

stratum _____ - up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells

A

corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

stratum ____ - forms a durable, water-resistant surface layer

A

corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Layers of the dermis (2)

A

papillary layer
reticular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

_____ layer - thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae

loosely organized tissue allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defenses against organisms introduced through breaks in the dermis

A

papillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____ layer - deeper and thicker layer of the dermis consisting of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Reticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

stretching of the skin in obesity or pregnancy can tear the collagen fibers producing _____ (stretch marks)

A

striae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The _______ - the layer below the reticular layer of the dermis has more areolar and adipose tissue

A

hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The _____ layer - binds the skin to the underlying muscle and pads the body

is highly vascular (injections here)

contains subcutaneous fat

A

hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

fat serves as an _____ reservoir and thermal insulator

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_____ - pigment produced by the melanocytes which accumulate in keratinocytes of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

A

Melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

_____ - brownish-black pigment

_____ - reddish-yellow pigment

A

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

38
Q

_____ - red pigment of blood, which makes the skin look reddish or pink

A

Hemoglobin

Skin is redder in areas such as the lips, where blood comes closer to the surface

39
Q

_____ - yellow pigments acquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange vegetables

It can become concentrated in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

40
Q

Abnormal coloration (6)

A

Albinism
Bronzing
Cyanosis
Erythema
Jaundice
Pallor

41
Q

_____ - blueness of the skin resulting from the deficiency of oxygen

42
Q

_____ - abnormal redness of the skin, caused by increased blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels

43
Q

_____ - pale or ashen color when there is little blood flow through the skin. White color of the dermal collagen shows

44
Q

_____ - genetic lack of melanin, resulting in white hair, pale skin

45
Q

_____ - yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes

46
Q

_____ - golden-brown skin color that results from Addison disease

47
Q

_____ ____ - marking on the fingertips that leave distinctive oily fingerprints

A

friction ridges

48
Q

_____ ____ - lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, etc

skin folds during flexion of the joints

A

flexion lines

49
Q

_____ - flat melanized patches that vary with heredity and exposure to the sun

50
Q

_____ - elevated patches of melanized skin

51
Q

____ - slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique rube in the skin called a hair follicle

52
Q

glabrous skin - lips, nipples, palms, soles, parts of genitals, and parts of fingers

A

extremities and trunk have about 55-70 hairs per square cm

30k hairs on a man’s bears and 100k on scalp

53
Q

_____ - fine downy, unpigmented fetal hair

54
Q

_____ - fine, unpigmented hair replaces lanugo

55
Q

_____ hair - longer, courser, pigment hair that forms the eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp hair, facial hair, axillar hair, pubic hair

56
Q

____ - portion of the hair below the skin

_____ - portion of the hair above the skin

A

root

shaft

57
Q

_____ - rounded portion at the lower end of the root

_____ _____ - bud of vascular connective tissue surrounding the bulb, provides hair with nutrition

A

bulb

dermal papilla

58
Q

____ _____ - the hair’s growth center, above the papilla, where the cells are mitotically active

A

hair matrix

59
Q

_____ - a core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces found in thick hairs only

60
Q

_____ - a layer of keratinized cuboidal cells

61
Q

_____ - a surface layer of scaly cells that overlap each other like roof shingles

62
Q

_____ ____ _____ - an extension of the epidermis

it lies immediately adjacent to the hair root

A

epithelial root sheath

63
Q

______ ____ _____ - derived from the dermis

surrounds the epithelial sheath

A

connective tissue root

64
Q

____ ______ - nerve fibers that entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements

A

hair receptors

65
Q

________ _____ (arrector pili) - a bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle

when these muscles contract the hair stands up

A

piloerector muscle

66
Q

_____ - due to differences in cross-sectional shape

67
Q

______ hair - circular in cross-section

______ hair - oval in cross-section

______ hair - relatively flat in cross-section

A

straight

wavy

tightly curly

68
Q

_____ - due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex

69
Q

_____ - rich in eumelanin

_____ - less eumelanin, high in pheomelanin

_____ - intermediate pheomelanin, very little
eumelanin

_____ - little or no melanin in the medulla

A

brown and black hair

red hair

blonde hair

Grey or white hair

70
Q

_____ clear, hard derivatives of the stratum corneum

71
Q

Nail _____ - growth zone beneath the skin at the proximal edge of the nail

72
Q

Nail _____ - the visible portion of the nail, covering the tip of the finger or toe

73
Q

Nail ____ - the skin on which the nail plate rests

74
Q

_____ the dead epidermis which covers the proximal end of the nail

A

eponychium

75
Q

_____ - the epithelium of the nail bed

A

hyponychium

76
Q

_____ _____ also known as sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

77
Q

_____ sweat glands - the most numerous type, produces watery perspiration

78
Q

_____ sweat glands are scent glands that secrete pheromones

thicker and milkier than merocrine sweat

79
Q

______ glands - produce oily secretions

they’re holocrine glands

80
Q

sebaceous glands secretion consists of broken-down cells that are replaced ______

their secretion, sebum, keeps the skin and hair from drying

81
Q

______ glands - produce cerumen, which is earwax

found only in the external

keep the eardrum pliable, and waterproof the canal, kill bacteria

A

ceruminous

82
Q

_____ glands - milk-producing glands that develop within the breasts under conditions of pregnancy and

83
Q

_____ of sebaceous glands leaves the skin and hair drier

84
Q

Aged skin has less _____ due to loss of elastic fibers

Aged skin has fewer _____ _____ and those that remain are fragile

A

elasticity

blood vessels

85
Q

thermoregulation can be a problem because of _____ of blood vessels, sweat glands, and subcutaneous fat

86
Q

skin cancer (3)

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

87
Q

_____ ___ _____ - most common type but least dangerous

arises from stratum basale

lesion first appears as a small, shiny, bump, then develops depression as it enlarges

A

basal cell carcinoma

88
Q

_____ ___ _____ - arises from keratinocytes in stratum basale

can be treated through surgical removal

recovery is good if treated quickly

A

squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

_______ _______ - arises from melanocytes of a pre-existing mole

metastasizes quickly

often fatal if not treated immediately

A

malignant melanoma

90
Q

___ degree burn - involved only the epidermis

redness and pain

91
Q

_____ degree burn - involves the epidermis and part of the dermis

blisters and pain

92
Q

_____ degree burn - the complete destruction of epidermis and dermis

skin is blacked or charred, and nerve damage may occur

often requires skin grafts

Biology 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions