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Biology 1 > Bio Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

skin accounts for __% of the body weight

A

15

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2
Q

functions of skin (6)

A

resistance to trauma and infection
water retention
vitamin d
sensation
thermoregulation
nonverbal communication

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3
Q

resistance to trauma and infection (3)

A
  • epidermal cells are packed with keratin
  • resists and recovers from injury better than other organs
  • bacteria and fungi may live on the skin surface, but the relative dryness and slight acidity of the skin keeps numbers down
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4
Q

water retention (2)

A
  • prevents the body from absorbing too much water from the outside
  • prevents the body from losing excess water
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5
Q

vitamin d (2)

A
  • necessary for bone development and maintenance
  • the first step in synthesis occurs in the skin
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6
Q

sensation (1)

A
  • the skin is equipped with nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
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7
Q

thermoregulation (2)

A
  • in response to chilling, the skin helps to retain heat through vasoconstriction
  • in response to overheating, the skin helps to cool the body through vasodilation
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8
Q

nonverbal communication (1)

A
  • complex skeletal muscle inserts on dermal collagen fibers and pulls on the skin to create subtle and varied facial expressions
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9
Q

____ _____ - undifferentiated cells that undergo mitosis and give rise to keratinocytes.

only in the stratum basale

A

stem cells

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10
Q

_______ - cells that synthesize melanin. they are found in the stratum basale

A

melanocytes

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11
Q

_______ - cells that make up most of the epidermal cells and that are named for their role in synthesizing keratin

A

keratinocytes

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12
Q

_____ cells - cells that are receptors for the sense of touch. they are found in the stratum basale

A

tactile

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13
Q

_____ cells - cells that are macrophages that “stand guard” against pathogens that penetrate the skin and alert the immune system if such invaders are detected.

They are found in the stratum spinosum and in the stratum granulosum

A

dendritic

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14
Q

layers of the epidermis (5)

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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15
Q

stratum _____ - bottom layer of the epidermis

A

basale

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16
Q

stratum _____ - mainly single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes on the basement membrane

A

basale

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17
Q

stratum _____ - some melanocytes and tactile cells are scattered here

A

basale

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18
Q

stratum _____ - stem cells undergo mitosis and give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward the skin surface

A

basale

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19
Q

stratum _____ many layers of keratinocytes above the stratum basale

A

spinosum

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20
Q

stratum _____ - deepest cells are capable of mitosis, but cells closer to the surface stop dividing and produce more keratin which causes the cell to flatten

A

spinosum

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21
Q

stratum _____ - dendritic cells may be found

A

spinosum

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22
Q

stratum _____ - cells here have a spiny appearance, but only after preservation techniques

A

spinosum

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23
Q

stratum _____ - three to five layers of flat keratinocytes and some dendritic cells

A

granulosum

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24
Q

stratum _____ - the keratinocytes in this layer produce keratohyalin granules

A

granulosum

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25
Q

stratum _____ - a thin transparent layer seen only in thick skin

A

lucidum

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26
Q

stratum _____ - cells here have no organelles, so the zone appears featureless

A

lucidum

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27
Q

stratum _____ - up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells

A

corneum

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28
Q

stratum ____ - forms a durable, water-resistant surface layer

A

corneum

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29
Q

Layers of the dermis (2)

A

papillary layer
reticular layer

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30
Q

_____ layer - thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae

loosely organized tissue allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defenses against organisms introduced through breaks in the dermis

A

papillary

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31
Q

_____ layer - deeper and thicker layer of the dermis consisting of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Reticular

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32
Q

stretching of the skin in obesity or pregnancy can tear the collagen fibers producing _____ (stretch marks)

A

striae

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33
Q

The _______ - the layer below the reticular layer of the dermis has more areolar and adipose tissue

A

hypodermis

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34
Q

The _____ layer - binds the skin to the underlying muscle and pads the body

is highly vascular (injections here)

contains subcutaneous fat

A

hypodermis

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35
Q

fat serves as an _____ reservoir and thermal insulator

A

energy

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36
Q

_____ - pigment produced by the melanocytes which accumulate in keratinocytes of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

A

Melanin

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37
Q

_____ - brownish-black pigment

_____ - reddish-yellow pigment

A

Eumelanin

Pheomelanin

38
Q

_____ - red pigment of blood, which makes the skin look reddish or pink

A

Hemoglobin

Skin is redder in areas such as the lips, where blood comes closer to the surface

39
Q

_____ - yellow pigments acquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange vegetables

It can become concentrated in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

A

Carotene

40
Q

Abnormal coloration (6)

A

Albinism
Bronzing
Cyanosis
Erythema
Jaundice
Pallor

41
Q

_____ - blueness of the skin resulting from the deficiency of oxygen

A

cyanosis

42
Q

_____ - abnormal redness of the skin, caused by increased blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels

A

Erythema

43
Q

_____ - pale or ashen color when there is little blood flow through the skin. White color of the dermal collagen shows

A

Pallor

44
Q

_____ - genetic lack of melanin, resulting in white hair, pale skin

A

Albinism

45
Q

_____ - yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes

A

Jaundice

46
Q

_____ - golden-brown skin color that results from Addison disease

A

Bronzing

47
Q

_____ ____ - marking on the fingertips that leave distinctive oily fingerprints

A

friction ridges

48
Q

_____ ____ - lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, etc

skin folds during flexion of the joints

A

flexion lines

49
Q

_____ - flat melanized patches that vary with heredity and exposure to the sun

A

freckles

50
Q

_____ - elevated patches of melanized skin

A

moles

51
Q

____ - slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique rube in the skin called a hair follicle

A

hair

52
Q

glabrous skin - lips, nipples, palms, soles, parts of genitals, and parts of fingers

A

extremities and trunk have about 55-70 hairs per square cm

30k hairs on a man’s bears and 100k on scalp

53
Q

_____ - fine downy, unpigmented fetal hair

A

lanugo

54
Q

_____ - fine, unpigmented hair replaces lanugo

A

Vellus

55
Q

_____ hair - longer, courser, pigment hair that forms the eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp hair, facial hair, axillar hair, pubic hair

A

terminal

56
Q

____ - portion of the hair below the skin

_____ - portion of the hair above the skin

A

root

shaft

57
Q

_____ - rounded portion at the lower end of the root

_____ _____ - bud of vascular connective tissue surrounding the bulb, provides hair with nutrition

A

bulb

dermal papilla

58
Q

____ _____ - the hair’s growth center, above the papilla, where the cells are mitotically active

A

hair matrix

59
Q

_____ - a core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces found in thick hairs only

A

medulla

60
Q

_____ - a layer of keratinized cuboidal cells

A

cortex

61
Q

_____ - a surface layer of scaly cells that overlap each other like roof shingles

A

cuticle

62
Q

_____ ____ _____ - an extension of the epidermis

it lies immediately adjacent to the hair root

A

epithelial root sheath

63
Q

______ ____ _____ - derived from the dermis

surrounds the epithelial sheath

A

connective tissue root

64
Q

____ ______ - nerve fibers that entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements

A

hair receptors

65
Q

________ _____ (arrector pili) - a bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle

when these muscles contract the hair stands up

A

piloerector muscle

66
Q

_____ - due to differences in cross-sectional shape

A

texture

67
Q

______ hair - circular in cross-section

______ hair - oval in cross-section

______ hair - relatively flat in cross-section

A

straight

wavy

tightly curly

68
Q

_____ - due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex

A

color

69
Q

_____ - rich in eumelanin

_____ - less eumelanin, high in pheomelanin

_____ - intermediate pheomelanin, very little
eumelanin

_____ - little or no melanin in the medulla

A

brown and black hair

red hair

blonde hair

Grey or white hair

70
Q

_____ clear, hard derivatives of the stratum corneum

A

Nail

71
Q

Nail _____ - growth zone beneath the skin at the proximal edge of the nail

A

matrix

72
Q

Nail _____ - the visible portion of the nail, covering the tip of the finger or toe

A

Plate

73
Q

Nail ____ - the skin on which the nail plate rests

A

bed

74
Q

_____ the dead epidermis which covers the proximal end of the nail

A

eponychium

75
Q

_____ - the epithelium of the nail bed

A

hyponychium

76
Q

_____ _____ also known as sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

77
Q

_____ sweat glands - the most numerous type, produces watery perspiration

A

merocrine

78
Q

_____ sweat glands are scent glands that secrete pheromones

thicker and milkier than merocrine sweat

A

apocrine

79
Q

______ glands - produce oily secretions

they’re holocrine glands

A

sebaceous

80
Q

sebaceous glands secretion consists of broken-down cells that are replaced ______

their secretion, sebum, keeps the skin and hair from drying

A

mitosis

81
Q

______ glands - produce cerumen, which is earwax

found only in the external

keep the eardrum pliable, and waterproof the canal, kill bacteria

A

ceruminous

82
Q

_____ glands - milk-producing glands that develop within the breasts under conditions of pregnancy and

A

mammary

83
Q

_____ of sebaceous glands leaves the skin and hair drier

A

atrophy

84
Q

Aged skin has less _____ due to loss of elastic fibers

Aged skin has fewer _____ _____ and those that remain are fragile

A

elasticity

blood vessels

85
Q

thermoregulation can be a problem because of _____ of blood vessels, sweat glands, and subcutaneous fat

A

atrophy

86
Q

skin cancer (3)

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

87
Q

_____ ___ _____ - most common type but least dangerous

arises from stratum basale

lesion first appears as a small, shiny, bump, then develops depression as it enlarges

A

basal cell carcinoma

88
Q

_____ ___ _____ - arises from keratinocytes in stratum basale

can be treated through surgical removal

recovery is good if treated quickly

A

squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

_______ _______ - arises from melanocytes of a pre-existing mole

metastasizes quickly

often fatal if not treated immediately

A

malignant melanoma

90
Q

___ degree burn - involved only the epidermis

redness and pain

A

first

91
Q

_____ degree burn - involves the epidermis and part of the dermis

blisters and pain

A

second

92
Q

_____ degree burn - the complete destruction of epidermis and dermis

skin is blacked or charred, and nerve damage may occur

often requires skin grafts

A

third

Biology 1 (6 decks)

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