Bio Exam (Chapters 1,2,3)

Question 1

3 Domains of Life

Answer 1

Bacteria (Prokaryote)
Archaea (Prokaryote)
Eukarya (Eukaryote)

Question 2

Hydrophobic -

Answer 2

Afraid of water

Question 3

Amphipathic -

Answer 3

One end likes water, one hates it

Question 4

Biology -

Answer 4

The study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments

Question 5

Scientific Method

Answer 5

1. Make an observation
2. Ask a question
3. Form a hypothesis that answers the question
4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
5. Do an experiment to test the prediction
6. Analyze the results
7. Hypothesis is supported/not supported
8. Report results
9. If not supported, try again

Question 6

Are viruses alive?

Answer 6

Viruses are not alive and do not have a domain

Question 7

Theory -

Answer 7

Broader in scope than a hypothesis
General and can lead to new testable hypotheses
Supported by large bodies of evidence

Question 8

Peer review -

Answer 8

Scientific progress is typically made through the publication of peer reviewed literature
Involves a blind process where scientist submit the details of their experiments
Results and interpretations to reviewers

Question 9

Levels of biological organization (small to big) -

Answer 9

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs and organ system
Organisms, populations and communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere

Question 10

Molecules -

Answer 10

Chemical structure of 2 or more atoms

Question 11

Organelles -

Answer 11

Specialized structures within cells

Question 12

Cells -

Answer 12

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

Question 13

Tissues -

Answer 13

Group of cells working together to perform a function

Question 14

Organs and organ system -

Answer 14

Made of multiple tissues

Question 15

Ecosystems -

Answer 15

All living things in particular area and nonliving organisms

Question 16

Biosphere -

Answer 16

All life on earth and all places where life exists

Question 17

Covalent Bond -

Answer 17

Single bond sharing one pair of valence electrons

Question 18

Ionic Bond -

Answer 18

Atoms strip electrons from bonding partners (ion charged atom)

Question 19

Cation -

Answer 19

Positive ion

Question 20

Anion -

Answer 20

Negative ion

Question 21

Hydrogen Bond -

Answer 21

Forms when a hydrogen atom is covalently bound to an electron
Negative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom
Usually O or N

Question 22

Van der Waals -

Answer 22

If electrons are not evenly distributed they may accumulate in one part of the molecule
Happens to molecules that are close together

Question 23

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds -

Answer 23

Atoms share electrons equally

Question 24

Polar Covalent Bonds -

Answer 24

One atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share electrons equally

Question 25

Why does water have high surface tension?

Answer 25

Hydrogen bonding between the molecules at the air water interface and to the water below

Question 26

What does it mean for water to have high specific heat?

Answer 26

It takes more energy to increase the temp of water

Question 27

calorie (lowercase) -

Answer 27

The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degree celsius; same to release heat

Question 28

Calorie (uppercase) -

Answer 28

On our food labels are really kilocalories
1 kcal = 1000 cal

Question 29

What is present in all organic molecules?

Answer 29

Carbon

Question 30

Ph scale -

Answer 30

0-14 with 0 being the most acidic; most are between 6-8

Question 31

Hydrolysis -

Answer 31

Disassemble a polymer into monomers by gaining a water molecule; using water to break polymers
H - monomer - OH + H - monomer

Question 32

Condensation -

Answer 32

Bond two monomers together with the loss of a water molecule; condensing 2 molecules in 1
H2O + H - monomer - monomer - OH

Question 33

What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living things?

Answer 33

C, O, H, N
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Question 34

Phospholipids -

Answer 34

2 fatty acids + a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol

Question 35

Which is hydrophobic and hydrophilic -

Answer 35

Tails are hydrophobic
Heads are hydrophilic

Question 36

Saturated fats -

Answer 36

Have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds

Question 37

Unsaturated fats

Answer 37

Have one or more double bonds

Question 38

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

Answer 38

Because of non polar covalent bonds

Question 39

What are the sugars in RNA?

Answer 39

Ribonucleic acid
A=U
C=G
Uracil

Question 40

What are the sugars in DNA?

Answer 40

Deoxyribonucleic acid
A=T
C=G
Thymine

Question 41

Carbohydrates -

Answer 41

Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)

Question 42

Monosaccharides -

Answer 42

Simple sugars (glucose)

Question 43

How are amino acids represented?

Answer 43

Single uppercase letter or three letters
v = valine
val = valine

Question 44

Levels of protein organization -

Answer 44

Primary - amino acid sequence
Secondary - alpha (a), helices + beta (b) sheets
Tertiary - 3D shape of protein
Quatermiary - more than one polypeptide is joined together

Question 45

Structure of RNA and DNA

Answer 45

RNA is single stranded
DNA helix double

Question 46

mRNA -

Answer 46

Specifies synthesis of proteins

Question 47

Central dogma -

Answer 47

DNA replicates
DNA transcription to mRNA
mRNA translation to protein