Bio Chapter 12 & 13

Question 1

Mendel’s experiments with pea plants

Answer 1

Discovered the basic principles of heredity

Question 2

Traits that were tracked in the pea plants

Answer 2

Seed color
Seed shape
Seed coat color
Pod color
Pod shape
Flower position
Stem length

Question 3

Methods of Mendel’s experiments

Answer 3

Mendel removed the anthers from flowers to prevent self-fertilization
Dusted the stigma with pollen from a different plant
The pollen fertilized ova, which developed into seeds
Seeds grew into plants with different characteristics that explained the concept of genes

Question 4

Mendel’s laws

Answer 4

Law of segregation and law of independent assortment

Question 5

Phenotype vs genotype

Answer 5

Phenotype - physical feature (purple or white flowers)
Genotype - alleles possessed by individual (RR, Rr, rr)

Question 6

Law of segregation

Answer 6

The two alleles for each gene separate
Noted a ratio of 3 purple flowers to every 1 white flower in the F2 generation

Question 7

Law of independent assortment

Answer 7

Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently

Question 8

What type of genes does the law of independent assortment apply to?

Answer 8

Genes on different non-homologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome
Genes located near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

Question 9

Dominant vs recessive

Answer 9

Dominant is the one that is expressed over the recessive
Recessive isn’t gone, it is just hidden
Dominant - capital letters
Recessive - lowercase letters

Question 10

Homozygous vs heterozygous

Answer 10

Heterozygous - possesses 2 different alleles at a locus (Rr)
Homozygous - 2 identical alleles (RR or rr)

Question 11

Codominance

Answer 11

Both phenotypes are expressed in heterozygotes

Question 12

Dominance

Answer 12

Heterozygous phenotype same as that of homozygous dominant

Question 13

Incomplete dominance

Answer 13

Heterozygous phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Question 14

Multiple alleles

Answer 14

In the population, some genes have more than two alleles (ABO blood groups)

Question 15

Epistasis

Answer 15

The phenotypic expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene

Question 16

ABO blood groups

Answer 16

ABO blood group in humans are determined by 3 alleles for the enzyme that attaches A or B carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells
The enzyme encoded by the Ia allele adds the A carbohydrate and the enzyme encoded by the Ib allele adds the B carbohydrate and the i allele doesn’t add anything

Question 17

X-linked traits

Answer 17

For a recessive X linked trait to be expressed: a female needs 2 copies of the allele
A male needs only 1 copy of the allele

Question 18

How are genes inherited on chromosomes

Answer 18

One copy from mother and one from father

Question 19

Translocation

Answer 19

Moves a segment from one chromosome to another

Question 20

Inheritance of chloroplast genes

Answer 20

Inherited in the majority by the mother

Question 21

Autosomes vs sex chromosomes

Answer 21

An autosome is any chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome
22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 22

Inversion

Answer 22

Reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome

Question 23

Deletion

Answer 23

Removes a chromosomal fragment

Question 24

Duplication

Answer 24

Repeats a segment