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Biologie > BIO 6-8 > Flashcards

BIO 6-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized structures inside cells

A

Organelles

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2
Q

Oval sausage shaped organelles about the size of bacteria found in both plants and animals; can reproduce on their own; power plant of the cell; converts food energy (glucose) into ATP for cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

This organelle contains its own DNA

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

Site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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5
Q

Composed of thylakoid disks, where photosynthesis occurs

A

Grana

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6
Q

Inner material of chloroplast; contains its own DNA

A

Stroma

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7
Q

Region near the nucleus where microtubules (part of the cycloskeleton) are assembled

A

Centrosome

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8
Q

Barrel shaped organelles; occur in pairs usually located at right angles to each other; help assemble microtubules; buildup the mitotic spindle in cell division; found in most protist and animal cells; fungi and plants lack them

A

Centrioles

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9
Q

Made up of protein fiber; anchors organelles and supports the shape of the cells; involved in the movement of the cells

A

Cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Made up of actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Responsible for contraction (make up muscle); long protein fibers; pinching of the cytoplasm during cell division; forms cellular extensions

A

Actin filaments

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12
Q

Hollow protein tubes; largest type of fiber; involved in cell movement; they move cell material within the cell; important structure of cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

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13
Q

Tough and fibrous filaments of protein; difficult to break; provide structural stability for cells

A

Intermediate filaments

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14
Q

Numerous short hair-like projections (in humans: uterine tubes, respiratory system)

A

Cilia

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15
Q

One single hair-like projection (in humans: sperm)

A

Flagella

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16
Q

In plant cells, the main one contains water, sugar, and ions; serves as storage; can occupy 90% of a cell

A

Vacuoles

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17
Q

In Protista: contractile, regulates water content in a cell

A

Vacuoles

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18
Q

Surround plasma membrane; hard and rigid; has pores; found in plants, fungi and many protists

A

Cell wall

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19
Q

This substance is what a fungi’s cell wall consists of

A

Chitin

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20
Q

This substance is what a plant’s cell wall consists of

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

This substance is what a protists’ cell wall consists of

A

Cellulose

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22
Q

The idea of extraterrestrial origins

A

Panspermia

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23
Q

The Earth’s atmosphere consisted mostly of these three gases originally, this was called the ‘‘primitive soup’’

A

Carbon monoxide, nitrogen gas, water vapour

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24
Q

The first step in the evolution of cells consisted of the synthesis of small ________ (nonliving) organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides

A

Abiotic

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25
Q

The second step of the evolution of cells required small organic molecules to combine into ____________________, including proteins and nucleic acids

A

Macromolecules

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26
Q

Those are the earliest cells in evolution; similar to archae

A

Prokaryotic

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27
Q

Appeared 2 BYA; strong peptidoglycan walls; some were photosynthetic (cyano-); no organelles; decisive role in the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

These cells were the first to have a nucleus and organelles; appeared 1.5 BYA

A

Eukaryotic

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29
Q

The nucleus originated from the infoldings of the ____________

A

Plasma membrane

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30
Q

This theory consists of the mitochondrion and chloroplasts being prokaryotes taken in by cells

A

Endosymbiosis

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31
Q

Those 6 elements make up around 96% of human body weight

A

C, H, N, O, P, S

32
Q

5 properties of water important to life

A

Cohesive behavior, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, lower density of ice, solubility

33
Q

One hydrogen and one oxygen atom

A

Hydroxyl

34
Q

One oxygen atom double-bounded to a carbon atom

A

Carbonyl

35
Q

Nitrogen atom bounded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton (basic)

A

Amino group

36
Q

O-P-OH where the P is bounded =O and -OH

A

Phosphate group

37
Q

Biomolecule; made up of smaller molecules linked through covalent bonds; very large molecules that contain different functional groups; polymers

A

Macromolecule

38
Q

The four types of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

39
Q

The reverse of condensation; this type of reaction digests polymers and produces monomers; energy bonds are broken; water is required in the process

A

Hydrolysis

40
Q

As a result of condensation, two monomers are joined through covalent bonds; energy is required; there is a loss of water in this reaction

A

Dehydration reaction

41
Q

Sugars; molecules that contain C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio; empirical formula (CH?O)n; primary role is for energy storage; breaking covalent C-H bonds releases energy

A

Carbohydrates

42
Q

Simplest carbohydrates known as simple sugars; the monomers of more complex sugars

A

Monosaccharides

43
Q

3-carbon sugars; monosaccharides

A

Trioses

44
Q

5-carbon sugars; monosaccharides

A

Pentoses

45
Q

6-carbon sugars; monosaccharides

A

Hexoses

46
Q

The difference between monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, and fructose

A

Positioning of OH groups

47
Q

2 monosaccharides are linked together through a covalent (glycosidic) linkage; less readily broken down (short term storage); sugars are in this form when transported in many plants

A

Disaccharides

48
Q

Glucose + fructose = ___________________

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

49
Q

Glucose + glucose = ____________________

A

Maltose (plant sugar)

50
Q

Glucose + galactose = ____________________

A

Lactose (milk sugar)

51
Q

_________________ break disaccharides apart in the intestines

A

Enzymes

52
Q

Large chains of monosaccharides; storage of carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

53
Q

Four examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch (plants), glycogen (humans), chitin and cellulose

54
Q

All the molecules found in this group are insoluble in water (hydrophobic); diverse group of molecules; large number C-H bonds, good for energy storage; protect, insulate, and provide energy

A

Lipids

55
Q

Four types of lipids

A

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, terpenes

56
Q

Triglycerides, 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains of 14 to 17 C) and 1 glycerol

A

Neutral fats

57
Q

Solid fat at room temperature

A

Saturated fat

58
Q

Liquid fat at room temperature (have some H’s missing and bonds instead)

A

Unsaturated fat

59
Q

This type of unsaturated fat is good

A

Cis

60
Q

Humans do not have the enzymes to digest this type of unsaturated fats, which is why they accumulate in the arteries, for example

A

Trans

61
Q

Similar to neutral fats but 1 fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate; made up of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol and 1 phosphate group; main component of biological membranes; phosphate group is polar (hydrophilic) while fatty acids are non polar (hydrophobic)

A

Phospholipids

62
Q

Made up of 4 carbon rings fused together, synthesized in the liver and from it testosterone and other hormones are made

A

Steroids

63
Q

Long chained lipids, components of many biologically important pigments such as chlorophyll

A

Terpenes

64
Q

Linear polymers, made up of monomers called nucleotides; storage, transmission and use of hereditary information; made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group; nucleotides are joined together by covalent (phosphodiester) bonds

A

Nucleic acids

65
Q

Double stranded; sugar deoxyribose, bases: A, G, C, T; complimentary bases A (adenine)-T (thyamine) and G (guanine) -C (cytosine); carries genetic information; double helix

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

66
Q

Single stranded; sugar ribose; bases: A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine) and U (uracil); 3 types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; transmission of genetic information

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

67
Q

Primary energy currency currency of the cell

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

68
Q

Made up of monomers (building blocks) known as amino acids; one amino acid is linked to another amino acid through covalent (peptide) bonds; some ____________ are made up of a large chain of amino acids, others are made up of more than one chain of amino acids

A

Proteins

69
Q

Proteins are made up of those; 20 different __________________make up most proteins; all have some basic skeleton: an amino functional group, a carboxyl functional group, and a side chain (R group); differ in the structure of their side chains (R group); influence the physical and chemical properties of free amino acids and amino acids in proteins

A

Amino acids

70
Q

Chain of amino acids; linked together by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

71
Q

Protein functions (3)

A

Catalysts, defense, transport (transport small molecules and ions), support, motion, regulation (hormones that serve as messengers), storage

72
Q

How does DNA become protein matter?

A

Information stored in DNA is transferred into RNA which in turn transfers the information into protein

73
Q

Bacteria divide by this process

A

Binary fission

74
Q

Where bacterial chromosomes are found

A

Nucleoid

75
Q

This forms when a cell divides into two cells (bacterial cell division)

A

Septum

Biologie (9 decks)

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