Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biologie > BIO 18-21 > Flashcards

BIO 18-21 Flashcards

1
Q

All the organisms of different populations that live together in one place

A

Community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Number of species present

A

Species richness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Amount of energy produced

A

Primary productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interactions that affect the survival and reproduction of the species engaged in the interaction; caused by 2 species using the same resource

A

Interspecific interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interactions that affect the survival and reproduction of the species due to members of a same species for the same resource in an ecosystem

A

Intraspecific interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This sign indicates that, in an interspecific interaction, the interaction affects the survival and reproduction of any two species positively

A

+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This sign indicates that, in an interspecific interaction, the interaction affects the survival and reproduction of any two species negatively

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This sign indicates that, in an interspecific interaction, the interaction does not affect the survival and reproduction of any two species

A

0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interspecific interaction, can be detrimental to both species (-/-)

A

Competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Interspecific interactions (3), beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other (+/-)

A

Predation, herbivory, parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The interaction is beneficial to both species

A

Mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

One species benefits from the interaction, and the other species is unaffected by it

A

Commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The place in which an organism lives

A

Habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The role that an organism has within the community; pattern of living; may be described in terms of space utilization, food consumption, temperature range, appropriate conditions for mating, requirements for moisture, etc.

A

Ecological niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physical interactions over access to resources; e.g. fighting to defend a territory or displacing an individual from a particular location

A

Interference competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Consuming the same resources (e.g. weeds in a garden compete with garden plants for nutrients)

A

Exploitive competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Strong competition between species can lead to ____________. If two species compete for a resource, the species that uses the resource most efficiently with eliminate the other. Two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist indefinitely in the same place (niche).

A

Competitive exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

A

Fundamental niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The actual set of environmental conditions, including the presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population

A

Realized niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Because of ____________________, the realized niche of a species can be considerably smaller than its fundamental niche.

A

Interspecific competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When two species evolve as to utilize a different portion of the resources

A

Resource partitioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population’s becoming isolated by a geographic barrier.

A

Allopatric speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and the parent population. No geographic barrier is present.

A

Sympatric speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In ____________ the number of predators depends on the number of prey and the number of prey also depends on the predators.

A

Predator-prey cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When predator and prey adapt and counter adapt to survive in link to each other.

A

Coevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In some cases, one prey species may gain significant protection by mimicking the appearance of another

A

Mimicry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mimicry, equally poisonous

A

Mullerian mimicry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mimicry, not poisonous

A

Batesian mimicry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Two or more kinds of organisms live together in elaborate and permanent relations.

A

Symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Parasites that live within the body of the host

A

Endoparasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Parasites that live and feed on the external surface of the host

A

Ectoparasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

If one species has a role out of proportion to its population size, that species is a ______________.

A

Keystone species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The sequence of community changes after a disturbance; primary _________ begins in a lifeless area where no soil has yet formed, secondary where an existing community has been disrupted but organisms still remain

A

Succession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Step in succession. Early successional species are characterized by r-selected species tolerant to harsh conditions

A

Establishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Step in succession, Early successional species introduce local changes in the habitat. K-selected species replace r-selected species.

A

Facilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Step in succession. Sometimes changes in the habitat caused by one species inhibits the growth of the original species.

A

Inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact.

A

Ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Regardless of an ecosystem’s size, its dynamics involve two main processes: ______________ and ________________.

A

Energy flow, chemical cycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ecologists study the transformation of ________ and _________ within the ecosystem.

A

Energy, matter

40
Q

Law which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

A

First law of thermodynamics

41
Q

Law which states that every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe.

A

Second law of thermodynamics

42
Q

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as ______.

A

Heat

43
Q

Measure of disorder in a physical system, energy is required to overcome it.

A

Entropy

44
Q

Law which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed (REVIEW THIS CARD IT DOESN’T ACTUALLY MAKE SENSE)

A

Law of conservation of energy

45
Q

Ecosystems are _____, absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products.

A

Open systems

46
Q

Linear, visual representation of the transfer of food from trophic level to trophic level

A

Food chain

47
Q

Several combined food chains

A

Food web

48
Q

The rate at which the organisms in the trophic level collectively synthesize the new organic matter

A

Productivity

49
Q

Productivity of the primary producers

A

Primary productivity

50
Q

Rate at which primary producers break down organic compounds

A

Respiration

51
Q

Rate at which primary producers synthesize new organic matter

A

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

52
Q

The GPP less the respiration of the primary producers

A

Net primary productivity (NPP)

53
Q

Productivity of a heterotroph trophic level

A

Secondary productivity

54
Q

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

A

Eutrophication

55
Q

The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next, usually around 10%

A

Trophic efficiency

56
Q

Pyramid in which each level represents the dry weight of all organisms in one trophic level

A

Biomass pyramid

57
Q

Two types of ecological pyramids

A

Energy flow pyramid, pyramid of numbers

58
Q

Chemicals moving through ecosystems, biotic and abiotic

A

Biogeochemical cycles

59
Q

The study of _______ helped lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas

A

Fossils

60
Q

Believed that species evolve through the use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Lamarck

61
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection: (1) Species have the potential for population exponential growth, (2) Most populations are stable, (3) Environmental resources are limited, therefore there are _______________ (5 words). Individuals vary within a population, therefore _________ (4 words) occurs. These traits are passed on from generation to generation, therefore there is gradual ________ (1 word) of favourable characteristics within a population.

A

More offspring than can survive and a struggle for limited resources, survival of the fittest, accumulation

62
Q

The process by which species arise and change over time. The idea that all organisms have descended from common ancestors.

A

Evolution

63
Q

The differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain inherited traits; the major mechanism for evolution.

A

Natural selection

64
Q

Evidence of evolution after Darwin (6 supporting facts)

A

Specific examples, artificial selection, fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular evidence, biogeography

65
Q

Phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones (light ones get eaten), as in peppered moths for instance

A

Industrial melanism

66
Q

Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor, observed in divergent evolution

A

Homologous structures

67
Q

Present in organisms that have evolved similar external look because they had to adapt to the same environment, observed in convergent evolution

A

Analogous structures

68
Q

Reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms

A

Comparative embryology

69
Q

Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

A

Vestigal features

70
Q

Allows for the study of evolutionary history of an organism based on its genes

A

Phylogenetic tree

71
Q

Study of geographic distribution of species

A

Biogeography

72
Q

The study of the properties of genes in populations

A

Population genetics

73
Q

Cornerstone of theoretical population genetics

A

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

74
Q

A localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

A

Population

75
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg equation can calculate the _____________.

A

Frequency of an allele

76
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p squared and q squared represent the _________________.

A

Frequencies of the homozygous genotypes

77
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p and q represent the _________________.

A

Frequencies of an allele

78
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a population which is ____________ (2 words)

A

Not evolving

79
Q

Five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow

80
Q

In the H-W equation, q represents the (dominant/recessive) allele and p the (dominant/recessive) allele.

A

Recessive, dominant

81
Q

Five agents of evolutionary change

A

Mutation, gene flow, non random mating, genetic drift, selection

82
Q

Only mutations in cells that produce __________ can be passed on to offspring

A

Gametes

83
Q

A movement of alleles from one population to another, important agent of change

A

Gene flow

84
Q

____________ gene flow is when one animal moves from one place to the other.

A

Obvious

85
Q

___________ gene flow is when, for example, bees fertilize different plants carrying pollen from one population to another.

A

Subtle

86
Q

Mating with specific genotypes

A

Non random mating

87
Q

When phenotypically similar individuals mate

A

Assortative mating (inbreeding)

88
Q

When phenotypically different individuals mate, produces heterozygotes

A

Dissortative mating (outcrossing)

89
Q

Random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance, tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles

A

Genetic drift

90
Q

When one or a few individuals leave their original population and become the ‘founder’ of a new population, pioneer organisms do not carry all the alleles present in the original population, therefore the new population changes in its genetic content

A

Founder effect

91
Q

Organisms do not move from place to place, but their populations are drastically reduced in size due to disease, flooding, etc. A few individuals will not carry all the alleles in the original population and the frequency of alleles changes. If the population remains small, it may be affected by genetic drift.

A

Bottleneck effect

92
Q

Selection which eliminates intermediate types e.g. beak sizes in Africa (large and small beaks), few finches have the intermediate size

A

Disruptive selection

93
Q

Selection eliminates one extreme from a continuous distribution of phenotypes

A

Directional selection

94
Q

Both extremes are eliminated from an array of phenotypes. The intermediate type is selected.

A

Stabilizing selection

95
Q

Quantifying reproductive success, number of surviving offspring left in the next generation, being able to survive AND breed AND become a grandparent or even a great-grandparent. It is a combination of survival, mating success, and offspring per mating.

A

Fitness

Biologie (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions