Bio (27.10.22) Flashcards
What are the characteristics of Living Organisms?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Control (homeostasis)
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
What properties do Eukaryotic cells have?
-HAVE a nucleus
-can be multicellular or single-celled
-have a membrame
-genetic material is found in the nucleus
What properties do Procaryotic cells have?
-DON’T have a nucleus
-substantially smaller
-always single-celled
-genetic material is found in the cytoplasm
What are examples of Eukaryotes?
-Animals
-Fungi
-Plants
-Animals
What are examples of Procaryotes?
-Bacteria
-Cyanobacteria
What is Respiration?
Organisms release energy from their food
What is Control?
Internal conditions include temperature and water content
What is Sensitivity?
Living organisms can react to changes in their surroundings
What is Growth?
Organisms grow and develop into their adult form
What is Reproduction?
Organisms have to produce offspring (children) in order for their species to survive
What is Excretion?
The removal of waste products (eg: carbon dioxide and urine)
What is Nutrition?
Living organisms need nutrients to provide them with energy and the raw materials for groeth and repair (eg: proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals)
What do Animal Cells include?
-Nucleus
-Cell membrame
-Cytoplasm
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes
What is the Nucleus?
an organelle which contains genetic material that controls the cell’s activities, it is surrounded by its own membrane
What is the Cell membrane?
this membrane forms the outer surface of the cell and controls the substances that go in and out
What is the Cytoplasm?
a gel-like substance where most of the cell’s chemical reactions happen
-it contains enzymes which control these reactions
What is the Mitochondria?
small organelles where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place
-respiration tranfers energy that the cell needs to work
What are Ribosomes?
small organelles where proteins are made in the cell
What do Plant Cells include?
-Same organelles as animal cells +
-Chloroplasts
-Cell wall
-Vacuole
What are Chloroplasts?
photosynthesis, which makes foord for the plant happens here
-contains a green pigment called chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis
What is the Cell wall?
a rigid structure made of cellulose, which surrounds the cell membrane, it supports the cell and strengthens it
What is a Vacuole?
a large organelle that contains a cell sap (a weak solution of sugars and salts), it helps to support the cell
What is the order of Cells from smallest to largest?
- Cell organelle
- Cell
- Tissue (group of many cells put together)
- Organ (more than 1 type of tissue that works together for a specific function)
- Organ system (more than 1 organ together working for a specific bigger function eg: the digestive system)
What are the characteristics of Plants?
-Multicellular
-They can photosynthesis -> they have chloroplasts
-Their cells have cells walls (made of cellulose)
-Plants store carbohydrates as surcrose or starch
What are the characteristics of Animals?
-Multicellular
-Can’t photosynthesise
-Most have some kind of nervous coordination
-The often store carbohydrates in the form of glucogen
What are the characteristics of Fungi?
-Some are unicellular
-Others have a mycellium (made of hyphae)
-Can’t photosynthesise
-Have cell walls (made of chitin)
-Most feed from satrophic
-Store carbohydrates as glycogen
What are the characteristics of Protoctists?
-Single-celled and microscopic (tiny)
-Some have chloroplasts similar to plants cells
-Others are more lile animal cells
What are the characteristics of Bacteria?
-Single-celled and microscopic
-Don’t have a nucleus
-Have a circular chromosome of DNA
-Some can photosynthesise
-Most feed off other organisms
What are Pathogens?
Organisms that can cause a disease (eg: fungi, protoctists, bacteria and viruses, even though they are not living organisms)
examples of Protoctists:
Plasmodium -> malaria
examples of Bacterium:
Pneumococcus -> pneumonia
examples of Viruses:
Influenza virus -> flu
HIV -> AIDS
What is Diffusion?
the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
-it does not require energy
-happens in both liquids and gases
What Factors affect Diffusion?
-Concentration -> high concentration gradient = the faster diffusion occurs
-Temperature -> high temperature = more energy in particles, will increase the rate of diffusion
-Surface Area -> bigger s.a = increases rate of diffusion
What is Osmosis?
the net movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to a lower one
what does Hypertonic mean?
a solution that is more concentrated, water will move out of the cell
what does Hypotonic mean?
a solution that is less concentrated, water will move into the cell
what does Isotonic mean?
a solution wher water won’t move
What is Active Transport?
the net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
-Require energy (ATP/respiration) and it happens in the mitochondria; powerhouse of the cell
-Substances move from low concentrated areas to higher ones (against a concentration gradient)
-its how plants get minerlas from the soil into the root hair cells
What Factors affect Active Transport?
-Surface area to Volume ratio
-Distance -> short distance = cells move in and out faster
-Temperature -> temperature increases = cells move in and out faster
-Concentration gradient -> big difference = cells move in and out faster, but id doen’t affect the rate of active transport
What do Root hair Cells do?
absorb water and minerals from the soil
What is Differentation?
the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
What is the function of a Xylem cells?
transport water and minerals up the plant
How are Xylem cells specialised for their function?
the cells are long and are joined end to end, forming hollow tubes, substances can flow through them
What is the function of a Nerve cell?
carries electrical impulses (signals) from one part of the body to another
How are Nerve cells adapted for their function?
the cell is long and has branched connections as its ends connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body
What is a Stem cell?
an undifferentiated cell which has the ability to become many different types of cells.
