Bio (23.3.21) Flashcards
What is the purpose of respiration?
To produce energy in the form of ATP from larger molecules (like sugars)
What type of reaction is respiration?
Exothermic rxn
When does aerobic respiration take place?
When there is plenty of oxygen available
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 (+energy)
What happens in aerobic respiration?
-Oxygen present
-Release more energy (36 molecules of ATP)
-Produces carbon dioxide, water + energy
-Glucose completely broken down
-Occurs in mitochondria
When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When there is no oxygen available
What does anaerobic respiration in animals produce?
glucose -> lactic acid (+energy)
What is anaerobic respiration?
-Oxygen absent
-Release less energy (2 molecules of ATP)
-Produces lactic acid and energy (muscle cells) or ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy (plants)
-Glucose is not completely broken down
-Occurs in the cytoplasm
What is the oxygen debt?
The extra oxygen that is needed to break down the lactic acid formed in anaerobic respiration
Describe the general structure of the lungs
-Trachea branches into two bronchi
-Bronchi branch into bronchioles
-Bronchioles terminate in alveoli
What are the intercostal muscles?
They are a group of muscles found between the ribs that are involved in breathing by changing the size of the thorax
How do the diaphragm + intercostal muscles work together during exhalation (breathing out)?
Exhalation:
-Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
-External intercostal muscles relax
-Volume in the thorax decreases and air moves out
How do the diaphragm + intercostal muscles work together during inhalation (breathing in)?
Inhalation:
-Diaphragm contracts and moves down
-External intercostal muscles contract
-Volume in the thorax increases and air moves in
What is the thorax?
-the top part of your body (between the neck + the abdomen)
What are the lungs?
-they are a pair of supplies of organs in the chest that supply the body with O2, and removes CO2 from the body
-it is surrounded by pleural membranes
-protected by a ribcage
What is the trachea?
The airway that leads from the larynx to the bronchi
What is the purpose of the pleural membrane?
-Covers the lungs, reduces friction and keeps the lungs moist
What is the Alveoli?
-they are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
-contains lots of CO2, very little O2
-O2-> diffuses out of the alveolus (hc) into the blood (lc)
-C02 (opposite)
-when the blood reaches body cells, O2 is released from the red blood cells (hc) it diffuses into the body cells (lc)
-CO2 at the same time (opposite) and is then carried back to the lungs
How is the alveoli specialised for gas exchange?
-they have moist walls = gasses dissolve in moisture easier to move though g.e
-permeable walls = allow gasses to pass through
-extensive blood supply = allows O2 to be taken from the lungs + helps CO2 to go into the lungs
Give 3 health issues caused by smoking
-Cancer
-Bronchitis
-Coronary heart disease
How does a smoker’s cough arise?
-Cilia on cells lining the trachea waft mucus
containing dirt out of the lungs
-Smoking can kills cells lining the trachea
-A build-up mucus in the lungs can cause people to develop smoker’s cough
