Bio (19.1.23) Flashcards
What does CORMS stand for?
Change
Organism
Repeat
Measure
Same
What are Carbohydrates?
-Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-Simple sugars contain one sugar unit like glucose or two sugar units like surcrose
-The glucose is used for cellular respiration
What are examples of Complex Carbohydrates?
Starch and Surcrose are long chains of simple sugars bonded together
What are Lipids?
-Solid fats and liquid oils
-Important in cell membrames, as hormones and in your nervous system
-Made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and are insoluble in water
What are examples of Lipids?
-3 fatty acids joined to glycerol
What is a polymer?
Large molecule joined up of smaller molecules called monomers
What is the test using Benedict’s solution?
-Glucose
-Ligh blue -> brick red (high concentration)
-Green/Yellow (low concentration)
What is the test using Iodine Solution?
-Starch
-Yellow -> Blue/Black
What is the test using Biuret Solution?
-Protein
-Light blue -> Pink/Purple
What is the test using Sudan III Solution?
-Lipids
-Red layer forms on top of solution
What are Enzymes?
-Biological Catalyst
-Large arrangements of proteins with a specific shape and active site
-Do not get involved in a rxn they just speed up
What do enzymes act as?
-Structure like muscles and tendons
-Hormones such as insulin
-Antibodies which destroy pathogens
What are Proteins?
-Made of amino acids (carbon,hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen)
-These are sensitive to heat and pH + there are about 20 different different types
What are the processes of enzymes?
-Building larger molecules from smaller ones
-Changing one molecule into another
-Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
Types of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
What is the Digestive System?
-6-9 m long!
-Large food molecules need to be broken down to small ones which can be absorbed into the bloostream
How does food flow through the digestive system?
Diffusion:
-Starch -> glucose
-Proteins -> amino acids
-Lipids -> Fatty Acids and Glycerol
What is Ingestion?
food enters the digestive system by the mouth
What is Digestion?
food molecules are made smaller by enzymes
Large, insoluble -> enzymes -> small, soluble molecules
What is Absorption?
food molecules absorbed from the inestine into the blood and cells
What is Assimilation?
absorbed molecules used to make new molecules
What is Elimination/egestion?
removal of materials that are not absorbed
What is the Mouth?
-Ingestion
-Teeth cut food
-It’s mixed with saliva to soften it and lubricate
-Amylase breaks down starch into glucose
What is Peristalsis?
-> process by which food goes down the oesophagus
-squeezing motion to move food from the mouth to the stomach, or the small/large intestine
What is the Stomach?
-Food mixed (chumed) with acid
-Germs killed
-Pepsin enzyme (protease) breaks down proteins to small peptides
What is the Small Intestine-Duodenum?
-First part of the small intestine
-food from stomach mixed with enzymes from the pancreas
-Lipase: Lipids -> fatty acids + glycerol
-Protease: Proteins-> amino acids
-Amylase: Starch-> maltose
What are the Exocrine Pancreas?
-Produces enzymes
-Lipase, Amylase, Protease
-Released into the duodenum
What are Endocrine Pancreas?
-Produces insulin
-It helps the control of blood glucose
What is the Gallbladder?
-Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder
-Released into the duodenum
-Neutralises stomach acid
-Emulsifies lipids
What is the Small Intestine- Ileum?
-Digested food is aborbed into the blood here
-Lined with vili to increase surface area
-Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose
-Most water is absorbed into the blood here
What is the Large Intestine- Colon?
-remaining water is absorbed
-Undigested food is formed into faeces
-Bacteria live here
What is the Large Intestine- Rectum?
faeces are stored before egestion
What are Catalysts?
speed up the rate of a rxn without being used up
