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Biology > Bio 150- Skeletal System > Flashcards

Bio 150- Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of theskeletal system

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilage: Mainly hyaline cartilage
  • Tendons: Connect muscles to bones
  • Ligaments: Connect bone to bone
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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Support: framework to support body
  • Protection: think – skull, vertebrae, ribcage…
  • Movement: (with skeletal muscles) act as levers to move body (walk, breathe, etc)
  • Storage: minerals (calcium, phosphate)- Related to electrolyte and acid-base balance
  • Blood cell production: in the marrow cavity of certain bones
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3
Q

Bone anatomy: shapes (6)

A
  • Long: Longer than they are wide
  • Short: Cube-shaped
  • Flat: Thin, flattened, parallel surfaces, often curved
  • Sutural bones: Found in the sutures
  • Sesamoid bones: Found deep inside tendons
  • Irregular: Don’t fit in the other categories
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4
Q

Parts of a long bone (4)

A

-Diaphysis : Collar of compact bone, medullary cavity (marrow cavity) in middle
-Epiphysis: The “ends” of long bones- Compact bone, with spongy bone inside
-Epiphyseal line: Between epiphysis and diaphysis
Remnant of epiphyseal plate
-Epiphyseal plate: Disc of hyaline cartilage- During childhood, it grows to lengthen the bone

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5
Q

Layers of a long bone (2)

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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6
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Covers external surface of bone
  • 2 layers (outer = dense irregular CT, inner = various cells…)
  • Anchored to bone tissue by perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
  • Lots of blood vessels, nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels
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7
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Lines the inner surfaces of bone (even the canals, etc)
  • Much thinner than periosteum
  • An incomplete, cellular layer
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8
Q

Parts of a long bone (2 types of bone)

A

-Compact (Haversian) bone
Outer layer, dense, strong

-Spongy (cancellous) bone
In epiphyses, and near marrow cavity
Honeycomb-like

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9
Q

Articular cartilages

A
  • Covers joint surface of the epiphyses
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Cushions, absorbs stress between adjoining bone ends
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10
Q

Marrow cavity (aka “medullary cavity”)

A
  • In the diaphysis of long bone

- Most bone marrow is here

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11
Q

2 types of Bone marrow

A

-Red marrow:
Hemopoeitic tissue (blood forming)
Present in basically all marrow cavities of infants
In adults, only present in spongy bone in head of femur + humerus, plus some flat bones (e.g., sternum), and irregular bones (e.g., hip bones)

-Yellow marrow:
Fat (think… why?)
Normally fills marrow cavities in diaphysis of adult long bone

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12
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • Honeycomb like
  • Trabeculae are aligned along lines of stress
  • Each trabecula is only a few cells thick, so easy for nutrients to diffuse to the osteocytes
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13
Q

Microstructure of compact bone

A

-Haversian system/ Osteon

-3 types of layers (lamellae):
Concentric lamellae make up each osteon (to help resist twisting)
Interstitial lamellae
Circumferential lamellae

-2 Canals
Haversian (central) canal
Volkmann’s (perforating) canals

-Osteocytes in lacunae: Lacunae connected by canaliculi

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14
Q

compact bone 3 types of layers (lamellae)

A
  • Concentric lamellae make up each osteon (to help resist twisting)
  • Interstitial lamellae
  • Circumferential lamellae
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15
Q

compact bone 2 canals:

A
  • Haversian (central) canal

- Volkmann’s (perforating) canals

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16
Q

compact bone Osteocytes in

A

lacunae

17
Q

Lacunae connected by

A

canaliculi

18
Q

Mineral salts

A
  • Mainly calcium phosphates (mostly hydroxyapatite crystals)
  • Tight packed crystals in the ECM
  • Makes bone hard, able to resist compression
19
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Allows bone to be flexible, and able to resist tension

20
Q

Osteoblasts:

A
  • Bone-forming cells
  • Develop from osteogenic cells
  • Make up endosteum and part of periosteum
21
Q

Osteocytes:

A
  • Mature bone cells. Found in lacunae. Maintain bone matrix. Also monitor need for bone remodeling.
  • Develop from osteoblasts (that get trapped in matrix)
22
Q

Osteoclasts:

A
  • Bone-dissolving cells. Large. Different origin.

- Make up endosteum and part of periosteum

23
Q

bone cells make up bone tissue. Bone tissue plus other tissues (e.g., blood, nerves…) make up a bone, therefore a bone is a(n)

A

organ

24
Q

Bone formation and growth

A
  • Intramembranous ossification

- Endochondral ossification

25
Q

Ossification:

A
  • the formation of bone

- Involves calcification

26
Q

Calcification:

A

-the deposition of calcium salts within a tissue
-Calcification occurs DURING ossification!
(Other tissues could become calcified too…)

27
Q

Two different ways that bones can be formed:
-Intramembranous ossification
-Endochondral ossification
Basic differences between these?

A
  • In intramembranous ossification, the mesenchyme (embryonic tissue) differentiates into bone tissue directly
  • Endochondral ossification involves the formation of cartilage first. The cartilage is then transformed into bone tissue.
28
Q

Both intramembranous and endochondral ossification:

What do they have in common?

A
  • Start out as mesenchyme
  • Osteoblasts are the first “bone cells”, and begin to form the matrix (which will become ossified)
  • Little spicules of bone form first. They are thickened and form trabeculae of spongy bone. This spongy bone can then be remodelled to form compact bone.
29
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A
  • Trabeculae are formed (as already described)
  • Cancellous bone is formed, and red marrow develops in the spaces.
  • Surrounding cells form periosteum.
  • Can then be remodelled to form compact bone with cancellous bone center
  • Bones formed: most skull bones, part of the mandible, part of the clavicles
30
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Cartilage model is formed (hyaline cartilage)
  • Chondrocytes die out, osteoblasts develop… form a bone collar on the surface
  • Chondrocytes enlarge, matrix gets calcified, chondrocytes die
  • Blood vessels move in…
  • Osteoblasts form bone on the calcified cartilage…
  • Bones formed: base of skull, part of mandible, part of clavicles, and most other bones!
31
Q

Elongation of long bone

A
  • Bones must grow by appositional growth (not interstitial growth)
  • Long bones: growth in length occurs at epiphyseal plate
  • Interstitial growth of cartilage, then appositional growth on surface of the cartilage
32
Q

Elongation of long bone: 5 regions/zones:

A

1: Zone of reserve cartilage
2: Zone of cell proliferation
3: Zone of cell hypertrophy
4: Zone of calcification
(5: Zone of bone deposition)

33
Q

New bone is formed on the

A

diaphyseal side of the plate: more cartilage grows on the epiphyseal side (increase in length!)

34
Q

Bone remodeling and repair

A
  • Bone is not a “dead”, fixed tissue!
  • 5-7% of your bone mass is recycled every week
  • Building up of new tissue (osteoblasts), and breaking down (osteoclasts)
35
Q

Gross Skeleton- 2 divisions:

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Biology (12 decks)

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