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Biology > Bio 126- review > Flashcards

Bio 126- review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is the science of LIFE or LIVING THINGS.

A

Biology

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2
Q

LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION IN LIVING THINGS (9 LEVELS)

A

ATOM, MOLECULE, MACROMOLECULE, ORGANELLE, CELL, TISSUE, ORGAN, ORGAN-SYSTEM, ORGANISM.

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3
Q

Seven (7) characteristics of LIVING THINGS

A
  1. React to the outside environment
  2. Keep their insides constant
  3. Can store and use energy
  4. Are made of ONE or MORE cells
  5. Contain DNA in those cells – and use it to grow
  6. Have evolved (come) from other living things
  7. Are complex compared with non-living things
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4
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

Many elements are commonly found in living organisms – particularly in the human body.

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5
Q

Protons (+)

A

number given by ATOMIC NUMBER – unique to each and every chemical element!

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6
Q

Neutrons (no charge)

A

included with protons in the mass number or atomic mass (weight) and are part of atom’s central core.

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7
Q

Electrons (-)

A

not solid but negatively-charged field moving around central atomic core. Move in rings or shells – and orbitals within those shells.

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8
Q

electrons fill the shells up as follows:

A

(Inner shell) 2 : 8 : 8: 18 (fourth shell)

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9
Q

moving electrons back and forth from shell to shell requires:

A

Moving to an upper (outer) level (shell) requires more energy and falling back to a lower one releases energy

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10
Q

how LEDs (light-emitting diodes) work:

A

The energy from the supplied electricity boosts electrons up to a higher shell within the substance of the diode but they then fall back, emitting their energy as light of a particular wavelength (colour).

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11
Q

In the case of water (H2O)

A

only two of the hybrid orbitals in the oxygen atom are shared with hydrogen atoms – resulting in a V-shaped molecule for water.

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12
Q

Atoms combine to form molecules in a process called

A

bonding

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13
Q

Strong bonds

A

are formed by the sharing of electrons – as in covalent bonding (either polar or non-polar).

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14
Q

Weaker bonds

A

are formed when electrons are actually transferred from one atom to another – as in ionic bonding – in the formation of ions (Na+ Cl-).

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15
Q

Even weaker bonds

A

are formed between oppositely charged parts of molecules – as in hydrogen bonds.

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16
Q

The weakest bonds

A

are formed from tint electrostatic charges and are called van der Waal’s bonds.

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17
Q

WATER

A

Water is a MOLECULE made of 3 ATOMS – with a V-shape (review slide 14).

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18
Q

H – O – H H2O H+ + OH-

If we mix a substance like SALT into WATER – it will make a mixture (SALTY WATER)

A

The salt actually dissociates due to the ions of water being attracted to the ions of the salt

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19
Q

Salty Water consists of:

A 
SALT   =     SOLUTE
WATER    =     SOLVENT
MIXTURE   =     SOLUTION
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20
Q

Where the SOLVENT is WATER – we call the solution an

A 
AQUEOUS SOLUTION
(AQUA is Latin = water)
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21
Q

Since many things mix (dissolve in) water –

WATER is called the

A

UNIVERSAL SOLVENT

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22
Q

Something that mixes with water is called

A

HYDROPHILIC (water-loving)

23
Q

Something that does NOT mix with water is called

A

HYDROPHOBIC (water-hating)

24
Q

Special bonds between the H+ and the OH- parts of water – called

A

HYDROGEN BONDS – hold them together.

25
Q

This is why water EXPANDS when it freezes - becoming ICE, which is lighter and so FLOATS on water.

A

When water freezes – hydrogen bonds become rigid and push the two parts slightly further apart.

26
Q

Water has TWO(2) important properties:

A
  1. It is a HEAT STORE – holding heat well

2. It shows COHESION – due to hydrogen bonds

27
Q

a “skin” that some insects can walk on.

A

Cohesion gives water surface tension

28
Q

Although water is chemically H2O - it normally exists in a partly ionized form

A

It forms two ions:
H+ the Hydrogen ion (proton)

and the other ion - OH- the Hydroxide ion.

29
Q

This gives rise to ACIDS and BASES

A
  • The Hydrogen ion is said to be ACIDIC

- whereas the Hydroxide ion is BASIC (ALKALINE)

30
Q

acids contain (and give out)

A

H+ ions (charged particles)

31
Q

bases give out

A

OH- ions (or accept H+ ions)

32
Q

Pure water itself contains both of these ions in equal amounts

A

10(to the power of)-7 MOLES (of each)

33
Q

If we increase the number of H+ ions

A

we get more ACID

34
Q

If we increase the number of OH- ions

A

we get more BASIC – or ALKALINE

35
Q

We have a scale that is used to measure the POWER of HYDROGEN called the

A

pH scale

36
Q

the pH of pure water

A

7

37
Q

If we INCREASE the ACID (H ions) this decreases the minus number (-7) to (-6 or –5) and so the pH value gets

A

SMALLER

38
Q

If we increase the BASIC (ALKALINE) part – we do what to the pH value:

A

INCREASE

39
Q

Living tissues like to stay around what pH

A

7 – because this is safest – called NEUTRAL.

40
Q

They often contain chemicals which will resist (stop) any change in pH AWAY from pH 7, This is called

A

BUFFERING

41
Q

The CARBON atom is so important to the basis of life on Earth – that we have a whole branch of chemistry devoted to it – called

A

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.

42
Q

For a molecule to be ORGANIC

A

it MUST have Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) together in it – usually covalently bonded together.

43
Q

Carbon has a valency of

A

4 - meaning that it can bond with four other atoms - as it does in many organic molecules

44
Q

But when 2 carbons are linked - each carbon can only

A

hold THREE other atoms

45
Q

When several carbon atoms are linked - those away from the ends can only

A

hold TWO other atoms

46
Q

Because the carbon is in the centre of a tetrahedron - its four arms may not hold the same atoms and can therefore exist as

A

ISOMERS

47
Q

ISOMERS - MIRROR IMAGE FORMS of each other called

A

Enantiomers or sterio-isomers.

48
Q

isomeric change can

A

completely alter how a molecule acts in the living cell.

49
Q

Enantiomers- The left-hand form - is called the

A

L form

50
Q

Enantiomers- The right-hand form is called the

A

D form

51
Q

Organic molecules can exist as Enantiomers - left handed or right handed, by how they

A

rotate polarized light.

52
Q

ALL ORGANIC compounds contain

A

C and H!

Examples: CH4 , C2H5OH , C6H12O6 etc.

53
Q

Carbon dioxide – CO2 is

A

is not organic [inorganic]

54
Q

In living things there are FOUR(4) groups of complex organic molecules.

A
  1. CARBOHYDRATES
  2. LIPIDS
  3. PROTEINS
  4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

Biology (12 decks)

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