124-Lab Midterm Flashcards
an ancestral species and all of its descendants
clade
occurs at each branch point in a phylogenic tree
divergence
a scientific approach in which organisms are classified based on ancestral and derived characteristics
cladistics
describes two structures that look the same but do not have a common evolutionary origin
analogous
describes two different species that share a common ancestor
sister
a scientific approach in which organisms are classified according to their evolutionary relationships
systematics
a type of classification that does not necessarily involve evolutionary relationships
taxonomy
the opposite of “ancestral” for a systematist
derived
when one or more nucleotides added with a DNA region
insertion
describes two structures that have a common evolutionary origin but may look different
homologous
used to decide between a simple explanation and a complex explanation
parsimony
Caminacules
imaginary organisms devised by taxonomist Joseph Camin
Caminacule Characteristics
- Eyes
- Black bars
- Elbows
- Claws
- Front legs
- Spots
- Hind legs
- Tentacles
- Rump bulge
- Partially pared hind legs
What real world conditions might result in the rapid diversification of some lineages in a phylogenic tree?
- Climate
- Food
- Defence
- Aquatic to Land
Some lineages changed very little over time on the phylogenic tree, describe a real world scenario that might lead to little change over time
little to no change or disturbance in climate or environment, requiring no need to evolve or adapt.
Describe a real world scenario that might increase or decrease the probability of a species going extinct
- environmental changes
- climate changes
- increase in population of predators
Find a example of convergent evolution among the Caminalcules
eyes
Convergent Evolution
cases where two or more species have a similar characteristic that evolved independently in each lineage
The wings of bats, birds, and bees
is an example of convergent evolution since the 3 groups did not inherit the characteristic from their common ancestor
Geological History that influences Diversity on Mt. Doug
- The rock is metamorphic, originating as lava released on the seabed of the Pacific ~350mya.
- The tectonic plate called Wrangellia collided with North America ~60mya, causing uplifting of the plate above sea level and the formation on mountains
- The mountains were glaciated ~20tya during the last ice age- plants and animals were obliterated.
- The glaciers left bare rock in higher areas, and sand & gravel was deposited in some lower areas
- Recolonization of glaciated areas occurred from unglaciated (refugia) regions- perhaps as nearby as Sooke.
What are the main habitat zones of Mt. Doug park?
- Coastal
- Lower Forest
- Upper Forest
- Garry Oak/Open rock
Disturbance
any relatively discrete event that disrupts ecosystems. Examples: -volcanic eruptions -fires -floods -storms -a tree falling -logging
Ecosystem
the community of organisms in an area plus the abiotic factors that affect the community.
Edge Effect
the negative effect of a habitat edge on the interior conditions of a habitat. Edge effect is associated with habitat fragmentation
Exotic Species
species not normally found in a community but introduced from elsewhere
Fragmentation
dividing up of a continuous habitat into smaller patches. Habitat loss, roads, trails, dams, etc. cause fragmentation
Invasive Species
introduced species that increase in abundance at the expense of native species
Keystone Species
a species whose impact on its community is large, much larger that would be expected from its abundance
Peak Flows
Maximum flow of water in a river, stream, or creek. Most erosion happens during peak flows.
Succession
Changes in species composition through ecological time as a result of disturbance
Garry Oak/Open Rock Habitat
- Dry, exposed rocky bluffs intermingled with Garry Oak, meadow grasses, lichens, licorice ferns, and mosses.
- exotic and invasive Scotch Broom
- Northern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria coerulea)
- Garter snakes (Thamnophis ssp.)
- Hummingbirds
- Hawks, Turkey vultures, and Bald eagles often circle the summit.
Upper Forest Habitat
- dominated by Douglas Fir, Western Red Cedar, Big leaf Maple, and occasional Garry Oak.
- Shrubs and undergrowth of Oregon Grape, Ocean Spray, Snowberry, and roses, support a large songbird community
Lower Forrest Habitat
- Douglas fir and Western Red Cedar
- also find Grand fir, Pacific Dogwood, Big Leaf maple, Vine Maple, and Yew.
- Invasive ivy and holly
- Undergrowth: Salal or Western Sword fern
- Swampy areas: Skunk cabbage, Northern Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla)
- Terrestrial amphibians: Western Red-backed salamander (Plethodon vehiculum) and the Rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa)
- Owls and woodpeckers common
Coastal Habitat
- Upper canopy: Red Alder, Douglas fir, Western red cedar, Hemlock, Big leaf maple and a variety of shrubs.
- Seabirds and marine life
- At low tide: sea stars, mussels, chitons, green and brown algae, and other marine life.
Scotch broom
Cytisus scoparius
- introduced
- exotic and invasive
- Garry Oak/Open Rock Habitat
Polypore fungus
Grifolia frondosa
- “hen of the woods”
- lower forest habitat
Snowberry
Symphoricarpus albus
- native
- upper forest habitat
English Ivy
Hedera helix
- introduced
- invasive
- lower forest habitat
Bald hip rose
Rosa gymnocarpa
- native
- upper forest habitat
Western red cedar
Thuja plicata
- native
- lower forest and costal upper canopy habitat
Western sword fern
Polystichum munitum
- native
- lower forest habitat
Oregon grape
Mahonia nervosa
- native
- upper forest habitat
Big leaf maple
Acer macrophyllum
- native
- upper forest, lower forest and upper canopy of costal habitat
Grand fir
Abies grandis
- native
- lower forest habitat
Thimble berry
Rubus parviflorus
- native
- lower forest habitat
Western Yew
Taxus brevifolia
- native
- lower forest habitat
Salal
Gaultheria shallon
- native
- lower forest habitat
Douglas fir
Pseudotsuga meziesii
- native
- lower habitat, and also upper forest and upper canopy of coastal habitat
Bracken fern
Pteridium aquilinum
- native
- lower forest
Red huckleberry
Vaccinium parvifolium
- native
- upper forest
Licorice fern
Polypodium glycorrhizae
- native
- garry oak/open rock habitat
European searocket
Cakile maritime
- introduced
- coastal habitat
Arbutus
Arbutus meziesii
- native
- upper forest habitat
Pileated woodpecker
Dryocupus pileatus
-keystone species
The scientific name of 3 species found on Mt. Doug
Grand Fir = Abies grandis
Salal = Gaultheria shallon
English Ivy = Hedera helix
List 3 procedures that accompany the safe handling of laboratory bacteria
- wear a lab coat
- no eating or drinking in the lab
- wash hand with antibacterial skin cleanser before leaving the lab
Inoculating loops
aka smear loop
- is a simple tool used mainly by microbiologists to retrieve an inoculum from a culture of microorganisms. The loop is used in the cultivation of microbes on plates by transferring inoculum for streaking
Petri dish
a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms
Kimwipe
delicate task wipers are specifically designed to gently clean liquid and dust and are great for instrumentation, surface, parts and lens cleaning. They have been designed to reduce lint and have low extractables
Aseptic technique
is a method designed to prevent contamination from microorganisms. It involves applying the strictest rules and utilizing what is known about infection prevention to minimize the risks that you’ll experience an infection
Explain how to carry out a Sensitivity test
Sensitivity disks- are disks of filtered paper containing a measured quantity of an antibiotic. If they are placed on the surface of an agar plate that has been previously inoculated with bacteria, the antibiotic will diffuse into the agar. In this simple way, various antibiotics can be tested for their effectiveness, even if the identity of the bacteria in question is unknown.
Extreme Halophile
are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations. They are a type of extremophile organism. Halophiles can be found anywhere with a concentration of salt five times greater than the salt concentration of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds.
Thioglycollate agar
is a multipurpose, enriched, differential medium used primarily to determine the oxygen requirements of microorganisms in tubes.
Heterocysts
- a large, transparent, thick-walled cell found in the filaments of certain blue-green algae and in certain fungi.
- are involved in nitrogen fixation and storage
Bacterial lawn
a term used by microbiologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a petri-dish agar plate merge to form a field or mat of bacteria
Locations of bacterial growth in Thioglycolate agar tube
- Aerobic = grows on surface of agar
- Anaerobic = grows on the bottom of agar
- Facultative = Grows throughout agar, heavier growth at surface
Interpret the results of a Thioglycolate test
AKA Locations of bacterial growth in Thioglycolate agar tube:
- Aerobic = grows on surface of agar
- Anaerobic = grows on the bottom of agar
- Facultative = Grows throughout agar, heavier growth at surface
What is the difference between Gram+ and Gram- bacteria: how and why do they often differ in their response to common antibiotics
due to their different cell wall structure and chemistry. Gram- has higher lipid content. Gram+ has increased peptidoglycan.
What is the difference between Gram+ and Gram- bacteria: how and why do they often differ in their response to common antibiotics
-due to their different cell wall structure and chemistry. The distinctive feature of Gram- bacteria is the presence of a double membrane surrounding each bacterial cell. Although all bacteria have an inner cell membrane, Gram- bacteria have a unique outer membrane. This outer membrane excludes certain drugs and antibiotics from penetrating the cell, partially accounting for why Gram- bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than are gram-positive bacteria.
After gram staining, Gram- bacteria appear
pink
Sensitivity test
- controlling bacterial growth
- some bacteria and fungi produce chemicals called antibiotics that inhibit the growth of other bacteria or fungi. Many plant derived and synthetic chemicals also inhibit or slow bacterial growth
- You can test effectiveness of these chemicals using swabbed plates of bacteria and sensitivity disks impregnated with an antibiotic.
Interpret a set of results of an Antibiotic Sensitivity test: Erythromycin
Erythromycin
- Resistant <14
- Intermediate 14-17
- Sensitive >17
(also used to compare household items)
Interpret a set of results of an Antibiotic Sensitivity test: Penicillin-G
Penicillin-G
- Resistant <21
- Intermediate 21-28
- Sensitive >28
Interpret a set of results of an Antibiotic Sensitivity test: Tetracycline
Tetracycline
- Resistant <15
- Intermediate 15-18
- Sensitive >18
Interpret a set of results of an Antibiotic Sensitivity test: Novobiocin
Novobiocin
- Resistant <18
- Intermediate 18-21
- Sensitive >21
Shapes of Bacteria
Rod = Bacilli
Spherical = Cocci
Spiral Rod = Spirilla
Arrangement of Bacilli
Single = Bacillus Pairs = Diplobacilli Chains = Streptobacilli
Arrangement of Cocci
Single = Coccus Pair = Diplococci Chains = Streptococci Irregular = Staphylococci
String test
- Designed to confirm the Gram reaction of a bacterial culture.
- When Gram- bacterial cells are added to 3% Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), the cell wall breaks down, releasing DNA into the KOH. The released DNA forms strings behind a loop as it is lifted from a slide= a + string test. In Gram+ bacteria, the cell wall fails to break down in the KOH, resulting in a negative string test (DNA not released)
If the bacterium is stained purple with gram stain, it is said to be Gram _____, and shows a ______ string test.
Gram+
negative string test
If the bacterium is stained pink with gram stain, it is said to be Gram _____, and shows a ______ string test.
Gram-
positive string test
Bacterial Dichotomous Key
-Consists of pairs of numbered contrasting statements. Read both statements, and the decide which is truer for your specimen. At the end of each pair of statements you will find either the name of your organism or a number referring to the next pair of statements to compare.
Blue-green algae are AKA by the more specific name
Cyanobacteria
Why do blue-green algae vary in colour
Besides the dark green Chlorophyll a, cyanobacteria possess a number of accessory pigments, including the blue Phycocyanin. The relative amount of each pigment determines the overall colour of a given organism. Thus some of them appear to be black, purple, red, or various shades of green.
Cyanobacteria
- specialized bacteria that use Chlorophyll a (dark green) in photosynthesis and release oxygen as a result.
- reproduce by binary fission
Nitrogen fixation
Some cyanobacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). In this form, nitrogen can be incorporated into organic molecules by bacteria and plants.
-heterocysts are involved in nitrogen fixation and storage
Describe the structure of Oscillatoria
- the cells of this cyanobacterium occur in filamentous chains.
- after cell division the cells adhere and since all divisions are in the same plane, a filament results
- the filaments don’t grow to great lengths because separation disks form at varying intervals. At these points a cell dies and collapses slightly inward leaving a weak spot where the filament will eventually break.
- use gliding motion due to a thin sheath composed of a gelatinous material that covers individual filaments.
What cellular structures are lacking in the movement of blue-green algae? How do they move?
1) Lack Flagella
2) Gliding mobility
What feature distinguishes Nostoc from many other blue-green algae?
Under certain environmental conditions it can form large spherical masses (“sack/ball”) containing thousands of individual colonies embedded in a gelatinous matrix
The function of akinetes in Gleotrichia is to
-are think-walled dormant spores considerably larger and darker than the ordinary cells that make up the trichomes. They are resistant to adverse environmental conditions and may be viable for 70-80yrs. When conditions are favorable, they germinate to form a vegetative trichome.
What ecological roles to cyanobacteria share with plants and algae
producer = photosynthetic
How do the cells of cyanobacteria differ from plant cells
1-Cell wall is peptidoglycan, not cellulous
2-No organelles
List the 5 parakingdoms/kingdoms that are included within Domain Eukarya
- Excavata
- Chromalveolates
- Rhizarians
- Archaeplastida
- Unikonta
Giardia
- 3 structures: Multiple Flagella, Hapliod nuclei (2), and Median body
- causes “beaver-fever” = intestinal disease that affects many different vertebrates species, inlc. humans.
- reproduce by binary fission and must be attached to a surface for this to occur.
- parasite = gets their food from the body of other organisms (host)
Trypanosoma
- surrounded by blood cells
- 3 structures: free and attached flagella, nucleus, and undulating membrane
- parasite (vector: Tsetse fly) that causes African sleeping sickness.
- generally found in the intestine of invertebrates, but normally occupy the bloodstream or an intracellular environment in the mammalian host.
- parasite =gets their food from the body of other organisms (host)
Euglena
- mixotrophic = have photosynthesizing chloroplasts within the body of the cell, which enable them to feed by autotrophy, like plants.
- are found in fresh and salt waters. They are often abundant in quiet inland waters where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green or red.
- 6 structures: flagellum, 2nd flagellum, eye spot, light detector, contractile vacuole, nucleus, chloroplasts, plasma membrane, paramylon granuole, protein bands
Dinoflagellates
- “algae” causing “red tide”
- found in the ocean and fresh water
- photosynthetic
- 2 structures: cellulose plates, and flagella
Paramecium
- belongs to the Ciliates (a complex group of animal-like protists).
- found in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments and are often very abundant in stagnant basins and ponds.
- To gather food, the Paramecium uses its cilia to sweep prey organisms, along with some water, through the oral groove, and into the mouth opening.
- 5 structures: cilia, food vacuole, oral groove, micronucleus, macronucleus, and anterior/posterior contractile vacuole.
Diatoms
- found in marine and fresh water
- phytoplankton community
- photosynthetic
- name the 6 organisms:
Brown Algae
- Bull Kelp, and Rockweed
- Marine
- Autotrophs
- 4 structures: lamina, air bladder, stipe, and holdfast
Slime molds are more closely related to ______ than they are Fungi
amoebas
The cell walls of slime molds are composed of ______, while the cell walls of Fungi is composed of ______.
Slime molds = cellulose
Fungi = chitin
Slime molds store carbohydrate in the form of
glycogen
The vegetative state of a slime mold that is like a mass of cytoplasm containing many small nuclei is termed a
plasmodium
The plasmodium contains many nuclei in one cell and is termed
coenocytic
Amoebas
- “glove”
- 4 structures: nucleus, sol, gel, contractile vacuole, food vacuoles, and pseudopods.
- aquatic
- heterotroph
The cell walls of red algae are composed of
cellulose
Cell walls containing calcium carbonate are present in ______ red algae
coralline red algae
______, which is used in making bacterial growth media, comes from red algae
Agar
______ from certain red algae is used widely in the food industry - from ice cream to beer.
carrageenin
How are pigments of green algae similar to those of Kingdom Plantae
chlorophyll a and b
4 growth forms of green algae and name an example of each
- filamentous = spirogyra
- colonial = volvox
- multicellular = uvla
- unicellular = chlamydomonas
Pyrenoid
-produces and stores starch
Spirogyra
- green algae
- photosynthetic
- found in freshwater
- 4 structures: spiral chloroplast, pyrenoid, nucleus, and cytoplasmic strand.
Ulva
- “sea lettuce”
- multicellular, and has leaf-like appearance, but is only 2 cell layers thick. -soft and translucent green.
- grows on rocks and on other algae in shallow coastal waters, attaching by a small holdfast
- photosynthetic green algae
Name 2 groups of organisms that can carry out nitrogen fixation
- Nostoc
- Gleotrichia
- Anabaena azollac
