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Biology > Bio 126- Macromolecules > Flashcards

Bio 126- Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

All macromolecules are

A

polymers – built up from smaller units (mers)

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2
Q

Poly means

A

“many” thus poly–mer = many units

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3
Q 
In science we use the terms: 
	MONO = 
	BI/DI = 
	TRI = 
	POLY =
A

1
2
3
MANY

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4
Q

In the case of carbohydrates, each unit (mer) is called a

A

saccharide

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5
Q

a single sugar molecule would be called a

A

monosaccharide

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6
Q

CARBOHYDRATES contain

A

C, H and O
CARBON WATER
The H and O are in the ratio 2:1 as in water (H2O)

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7
Q

Carbohydrates are generally

A

SUGARS or STARCHES.

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8
Q

Thus we have a simple sugar (monosaccharide) called

A

GLUCOSE = C6H12O6 or [6 X ( C1 : H2 : O1 )]

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9
Q

Monosaccharides may exist as units with different

A

numbers of carbon atoms

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10
Q

we can have Triose

A

(3C) sugars

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11
Q

We can have Pentose

A

(5C) sugars

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12
Q

We can have Hexose

A

(6C) sugars

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13
Q

Notice that ALL sugars are given names ending in

A

– OSE e.g fructose, glucose, maltose, ribose.

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14
Q

Depending where the C=O bond is in the sugar, Sugars may also exist as

A

ALDOSES (aldehydes)- C=O bond at the end of the chain

or

KETOSES (ketones)- C=O bond is in the middle of the chain

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15
Q

The most common way to represent sugars is in their cyclic form but without showing the actual carbons at each corner – called an

A

abbreviated ring structure

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16
Q

If we have TWO monosaccharide units joined together, by a glycosidic linkage,
the sugar is called a

A

DISACCHARIDE.

Examples: maltose, sucrose

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17
Q

The formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is a

A

DEHYDRATION reaction- since a water molecule is released as the two sugars are linked together.

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18
Q

DEHYDRATION reaction

A
  • since a water molecule is released as the two sugars are linked together.
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19
Q

In a Dehydration Synthesis reaction, Since it usually involves synthesis of a larger molecule - it is often called a

A

a Dehydration Synthesis reaction

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20
Q

to split a disaccharide into two monosaccharides -

A

a WATER molecule must be re-inserted between them.

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21
Q

to split a disaccharide into two monosaccharides - a WATER molecule must be re-inserted between them.
This is called a

A

Hydrolysis reaction.

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22
Q

When many sugar units are joined together - this is called a

A

Polysaccharide.

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23
Q

Polysaccharide. 4 Examples:

A

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

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24
Q

There is a significant difference in the way different polysaccharides are built up.

A

The C1-C4 linkages are different in starch and cellulose.

25
Q

In starch - all the monosaccharides are the same way around - so that the dehydration linkages are “straight across.”
This is called a

A

1-4 α link.

26
Q

In cellulose - the monosaccharides are oppositely placed alternately - (i.e, every second one is upside down)
Thus the dehydration linkages have to go at an angle (obliquely) between each sugar unit. This is called a

A

1-4 β link

27
Q

Human enzymes are unable to break the 1-4 ___link.

A

1-4 β link - which is why we cannot digest cellulose

28
Q

Human enzymes are able to break the 1-4 ___link.

A

1-4 α link - and so can easily break down starch - into its many sugar units.

29
Q

Sugars are stored in the human liver as another polysaccharide macromolecule -

A

Glycogen - again with 1-4 α links (but also 1-6 α links).

30
Q

Starch and Glycogen are examples of

A

storage polysaccharides - used to store energy.

31
Q

_____ is another polysaccharide - used by arthropods like insects to form the hard exoskeleton that surrounds and protects the soft innards.

A

Chitin (ky~tin)

32
Q

Chitin (ky~tin) also contains _____ in the molecule as an amine.

A

Nitrogen

33
Q

What is also used to make surgical thread that breaks down naturally in the body after the wound has healed.

A

Chitin (ky~tin)

34
Q

Cellulose and Chitin are examples of

A

structural polysaccharides - used to form rigid structures for protection.

35
Q

Chitin forms the _____ of insects

A

exoskeleton

36
Q

LIPIDS – also called FATS – all contain

A

C and H with O – but contain lots of Hydrogen

37
Q

Lipids are

A

HYDROPHOBIC – soluble in (mix with) oils/fats but not water

38
Q

Lipids are all made of TWO basic PARTS

A 
1. A FATTY ACID
C – C – C – COO(H)

2. An ORGANIC ALCOHOL
C – C - OH
39
Q

Just as in carbohydrates - the alcohol and fatty acid are linked together by

A

dehydration reactions - one water molecule being removed for each fatty acid that is linked to the alcohol

40
Q

In the case of triglycerides - a fat molecule is formed with THREE identical fatty acids linked to the glycerol. Once the water has been removed - the resulting bonds between alcohol and fatty acid - are called

A

ester linkages.

41
Q

In fats (the fatty acid part) the carbon atoms can be joined together in 2 different ways:

A
  1. SINGLE BONDS (SATURATED)-Each carbon atom holds the MOST (2) hydrogens.
  2. DOUBLE BONDS (UNSATURATED)-Carbon atom each side of double bond holds ONE hydrogen.
42
Q

If this “unsaturation” (double-bond) happens only once in the whole molecule - then the fat is said to be

A

Monounsaturated

43
Q

If this “unsaturation” (double-bond) happens more than once - the molecule is said to be

A

Polyunsaturated

44
Q

Lipids that are totally saturated are solid at room temperature and are called

A

FATS

45
Q

Lipids that are unsaturated - especially those that are polyunsaturated - are liquid at room temperature - and are called

A

OILS

This is because saturated fats have “tails” that pack closely together and allow for a solid structure - whereas those with unsaturated molecules have kinked “tails” that do not pack closely together - and the result is a liquid.

46
Q

Straight tails cause the lipid’s physical state to be

A

solid at room temperature

47
Q

Kinked tails cause the lipid to be

A

liquid (oil).

48
Q

A very special kind of lipid that has a structure with a “head’ and “tails.”

A

Phospholipids

49
Q

Phospholipids-The head contains phosphates and is

A

POLAR and HYDROPHILIC

-the head mixes with water

50
Q

Phospholipids- The tails are

A

NON-POLAR and HYDROPHOBIC

-tails mix with oil/fat

51
Q

phospholipid is said to be

A

amphiphatic

52
Q

Phospholipids play important roles in everyday life - since one part mixes with water and the other with oil/fat - they are used extensively in

A

emulsifiers, soaps and detergents

53
Q

In living creatures Phospholipids play a vital role as an integral part of every cell - in the form of the

A

plasma membrane (PM)

54
Q

plasma membrane (PM)

A

which is formed of a double layer of phospholipids - the heads pointing out and in - with the tails in the middle layer.

55
Q

Another group of molecules - the steroids - have a molecular multi-ring structure. Some are lipids (steroid alcohols) - called

A

sterols.

56
Q

An example of a sterol is

A

Cholesterol - an important lipid that is also part of the plasma membrane of every animal cell.

57
Q

A sterol is a

A

steroid alcohol (as in fatty steroids) but not all steroids are sterols!

58
Q

Other important examples of steroids - are

A

hormones - e.g the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone. (Note they are steroids NOT sterols)

Biology (12 decks)

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