Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Bio 150- Histology > Flashcards

Bio 150- Histology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell-cell connections (3)

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • Forms a “leak-proof” barrier (like a ziploc)

- Zonula adherens (holds cells together) & Zonula occludens (forms a tight seal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • “sticky” glycoproteins, stick neighbouring cells together (spot desmosomes)
  • Can also stick to extracellular structures (hemidesmosomes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gap junctions

A

Protein channels, allow for comm. between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gastrulation Forms 3 tissue layers:

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4 different types of tissues:

A

Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How to classify a tissue? Based on:

A
  • Cell structure
  • Cell function
  • Composition of non-cellular components (extracellular matrix = ECM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscle tissue

A

-Can contract! Responsible for movement
-Responds to electrical signal
-3 main types:
1.Skeletal muscle
Is striated (has “stripes” when viewed with microscope), is voluntary
2.Cardiac muscle
Is striated, is involuntary
3.Smooth muscle
Is NOT striated, is involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • Able to conduct an action potential (an electrical signal)

- Made up of neurons (nerve cells) plus neuroglia (support cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

-A protective covering(inside and outside the body)
-aka epithelium
-*but: “epithelial” is not equal to “epidermal”!
-Different types:
+Classified based on structure/ arrangement
+Have different functional specializations
+Found in different parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Characteristics of epithelium

A
  • Very little ECM
  • Covers body surfaces, forms some glands
  • Can replace itself (stem cells that can undergo mitosis)
  • No blood vessels here! *get all nutrients by diffusion from bv in other tissues!
  • Has an underlying layer of CT: Basement membrane (BM) in between the two
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epithelial tissues – surfaces

A

-Apical surface
“free” (not attached to other cells), uppermost surface
May have cilia or microvilli
-Lateral surface
Attach to neighbouring epithelial cells (desmosomes, maybe tight junctions)
-Basal surface
Attached to basement membrane (BM)
BM allows epithelial cells to attach to other tissues (CT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue (4)

A
  • Protection (from abrasion, against water loss)
  • Barrier (prevent or allow passage of substances)
  • Secretion (mucous, sweat, etc)
  • Absorption (of certain substances)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue -Based on cell shape:

A
  • Squamous (flat, scale like)
  • Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
  • Columnar (taller than they are wide)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue -Based on number of cell layers:

A
  • Simple (one layer, all cells attached to basement membrane)
  • Stratified (more than one layer, only one layer attached to basement membrane)
  • Pseudostratified columnar (appears stratified, but all cells are attached to basement membrane, therefore technically one layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • Single layer, flat cells
  • Diffusion!, some absorption, some secretion
  • Line: blood and lymph vessels, lung alveoli, some kidney tubules (loop of Henle), eardrum, serous membranes (“mesothelium”)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Single layer, cube-shaped cells
  • May have cilia or microvilli on free surface
  • Secretion and absorption!, cilia can move mucus
  • Kidney tubules, glands/ducts, terminal bronchioles of lungs, others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Single layer, tall cells
  • Some have cilia or microvilli
  • May have goblet cells
  • Secretion (stomach, intestine), absorption (intestine), movement of particles (ciliated cells in bronchioles)
  • Also in auditory tubes, uterine tubes, gallbladder, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Many layers, cube-shaped cells
  • Secretion, absorption, protection
  • Ducts of sweat glands and salivary glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Many layers of cells, cuboidal near base, flattened (squamous) near apical surface
  • Can be keratinized (eg., skin), or non-keratinized (mouth, throat, anus, vagina, etc)
  • Keratinized: cells are dead, filled with keratin (a protein)
  • Protection against abrasion, barrier (water loss, infection)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Many layers, tall cells (may be cuboidal near BM)
  • Protection, secretion
  • Larynx (ciliated cells), mammary gland duct, portion of male urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • Stratified, cells change shape! (cuboidal to squamous)
  • Allows for “stretching” of urinary bladder, also has tight junctions to prevent leakage between cells
  • Also in ureters, etc and allantoic duct of umbilical cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Single layer, but not all cells reach apical surface
  • Almost always ciliated (“pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium”!)
  • Has goblet cells that make and secrete mucus
  • Line nasal cavity and sinuses, bronchi of lungs, trachea, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Glandular epithelium: overview

A
  • Glands contain 1 or more cells that make and secrete a product (the secretion)
  • Glands can be unicellular or multicellular
  • Can be: Exocrine or Endocrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Exocrine

A

(release secretions on body surface or into body cavities – have ducts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endocrine

A

(ductless, produce hormones, release their secretions into the extracellular space to then flow into the blood)

28
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A
  • Example: goblet cell in epithelial lining of intestine and respiratory tract.
  • Produces mucin (a glycoprotein that dissolves in water to form mucus – fxn: protection and lubrication)
29
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A
  • Made up of a duct and a secretory portion

- Many different types… and can be classified in different ways (see following slides)

30
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands: structural classification

A
  • Simple (duct has no branches) or compound (branched duct)

- Secretory portion can be tubular or acinar (sac-shaped, also called “alveolar”)

31
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands: functional classification- 2 or 3 different modes of secretion:

A

Merocrine (aka eccrine)
Holocrine
Apocrine

32
Q

Merocrine (aka eccrine)

A
  • Secrete products by exocytosis (Cell is not altered)

- Pancreas, most sweat glands, salivary glands

33
Q

Holocrine

A
  • Accumulate product, then rupture to release! (Cells are replaced…)
  • Releases “everything” (secretion plus cell fragments)
  • Sebaceous (oil) glands in the skin
34
Q

Apocrine

A

(…may just be merocrine??)
-Maybe: secretions accumulate near cell surface, that portion gets pinched off to release product plus a bit of cytoplasm.

35
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • Produce the hormones
  • Ductless glands
  • Different structures exist, but most are compact, multicellular organs
  • Examples: pituitary, adrenal, pineal, plus portions of the pancreas and gonads
36
Q

Connective tissue (Found everywhere in the body!) Includes:

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue (aka “connective tissue proper”: areolar CT, adipose, reticular CT, dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic CT)
  • Cartilage and Bone (supporting CT)
  • Blood and Lymph (fluid CT)
37
Q

Same embryonic origin- all CT develops from

A

embryonic mesenchyme

38
Q

CT is mainly made up of

A

extracellular matrix (ECM), not living cells! (but don’t forget: there are some living cells)

39
Q

CT has a range of vascularization

A

Some have blood vessels, some are avascular

40
Q

Functions of CT

A
  • Binding and support (“connecting”!)
  • Protection (think: bone, cartilage, fat…)
  • Movement (bones, cartilages…)
  • Insulation and energy storage (fat)
  • Transportation of substances around the body (in the blood)
41
Q

Composition of CT: 3 main elements

A
  • Ground substance (space-filler, part of the ECM)
  • Fibers (also part of the ECM)
  • Cells
42
Q

CT Ground substance (space-filler, part of the ECM)

A

Interstitial fluid, proteins (to help CT stick to their spot) , and proteoglycans (intertwine and help “trap” water, to affect the viscosity), plus GAGs

43
Q

CT Fibers (also part of the ECM)

A
  • Collagen (most abundant, stronger than steel!)
  • Elastic fibers (long and thin, made of elastin protein)
  • Reticular fibers (sim. to collagen, but short, fine, and branched – provide support to soft tissue of organs…)
44
Q

CT Cells

A

Can secrete the fibers and ground substance specific to each type of CT. Also, many other support cells

45
Q

CT can be classified in several different ways. Here’s one way:

A
  • Connective tissue proper (loose & dense types)
  • Fluid connective tissue (blood, lymph)
  • Supporting connective tissue (diff. types of cartilage & bone)
46
Q

Areolar CT(CT proper: loose)

A
  • Gel-like, with all 3 fiber types
  • Cushions organs, holds body fluids, has macrophages to help fight infection
  • Found under most epithelia, around most organs and capillaries
47
Q

Adipose (fat)(CT proper: loose)

A
  • Adipocytes (fat cells) are close packed, each filled with large fat droplet
  • Energy storage, insulation, support/protect organs
  • Found under skin, around eyeballs and kidneys, in abdomen, in breasts, etc…
  • Brown fat vs. white fat?
48
Q

Reticular CT(CT proper: loose)

A
  • Network of reticular fibers
  • Found in lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
  • Provides a “skeleton” to support other cell types (ex., white blood cells)
49
Q

Dense regular CT(CT proper: dense)

A
  • Parallel collagen fibers, some elastin
  • Fibroblast = main cell type
  • In tendons, most ligaments
  • Very high tensile strength when pulled in one direction
50
Q

Dense irregular CT(CT proper: dense)

A
  • Irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastin
  • Fibroblast = main cell type
  • Found in dermis of skin, submucosa of gut, + fibrous capsules of joints
  • Can withstand pulling in many directions (not just one)
51
Q

Elastic tissue(CT proper: dense)

A
  • Similar to dense regular CT, but with LOTS of elastic fibers
  • Supporting ligaments in spinal column, penis, transitional epithelium
  • Also in walls of some blood vessels
  • Stabilizes, but also allows for flexibility
52
Q

Blood(fluid CT)

A

-Many types of blood cells, surrounded by a fluid matrix (plasma)
-Functions:
Transport of nutrients, wastes, etc
-Also: lymph

53
Q

Cartilage

A
  • A specialized, supportive CT
  • Stands up to compression and tension
  • No nerve fibers, no blood vessels in it (only in the other CT surrounding it)
  • Chondrocytes (the cells) exist in little pockets called lacunae (sing. = lacuna)
  • Lots of collagen fibers, (sometimes elastin), chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid… plus lots of water!
54
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • Chondroblasts produce the matrix, mature chondrocytes exist in lacunae
  • Lots of collagen
  • Support, cushioning
  • Embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilages of ribs, also in your nose, trachea, and larynx
55
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Similar to hyaline cartilage, but with more elastic fibers
  • Can hold its shape and be very flexible
  • In your external ear and your epiglottis
56
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix is less firm
  • Lots of collagen fibers
  • Good for absorbing shock
  • Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint
57
Q

Bone (2 types)

A
  • ECM is mineralized
    Strong!
    -Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphate)
    -Osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae, connected by canaliculi
    -Osteoblasts (form matrix)
    -Osteoclasts (“clean up”)
    -Spongy (cancellous) or Compact bone
58
Q

Epithelial tissues + CT =

A

membranes

59
Q

Often, membranes are formed by the combination of epithelium supported by CT
Examples:

A

Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membrane

Some other membranes:
Synovial membranes
Endothelium

60
Q

Mucous Membranes (Mucosae)

A
  • Line passageways that have external connections
  • In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
  • Epithelial surfaces must be moist: To reduce friction and To facilitate absorption and excretion
  • Lamina propria: Is areolar tissue
61
Q

Serous Membranes

A
  • Line cavities not open to the outside
  • Are thin but strong
  • Have fluid transudate to reduce friction
  • Have a parietal portion covering the cavity
  • Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs
62
Q

Three Serous Membranes

A
  • Pleura
    Lines pleural cavities
    Covers lungs
  • Peritoneum
    Lines peritoneal cavity
    Covers abdominal organs
  • Pericardium
    Lines pericardial cavity
    Covers heart
63
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A
  • Is skin, surface of the body

- Thick, waterproof, and dry

64
Q

Synovial Membranes

A
  • Line moving, articulating joint cavities
  • Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)
  • Protect the ends of bones
  • Lack a true epithelium
65
Q

Most common stain is

A

hematoxylin and eosin (H&E stain)

66
Q

Certain structures stain with the hematoxylin (turn purple/blue)

A

Nucleus, ground substance in some CT,…

67
Q

Other structures stain with the eosin (turn pink/orange)

A

Most cytoplasm, collagen fibers,…

Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions