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Bio120 > BIO 120 LECTURE 6 > Flashcards

BIO 120 LECTURE 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 different forms of energy?

A

Kinetic energy
potential energy
chemical energy

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2
Q

KINETIC ENERGY?

A

Energy possessed by an object because of motion.
ex:waterfall, falling rock

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3
Q

POTENTIAL ENERGY?

A

Form of stored energy, the capacity to perform work
ex-water behind dam
fossil fuels

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4
Q

name a fossil fuel in form of hydrocarbon?

A

gasoline

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5
Q

name a fossil fuel in form of carbon?

A

coal

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6
Q

when is the chemical energy stored ins fossil fuels released?

A

when they are burned into combustion engine.

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7
Q

all chemical molecules store________.

A

energy

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8
Q

why do different molecules have various potential energy?

A

due to the arrangement of their atoms

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9
Q

what is thermodynamics or thermodynamic system?

A

a branch of physics concerning the study of energy, conversion of energy between diff forms and the ability of energy to do work.

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10
Q

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS?

A

LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

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11
Q

WHAT DO U MEAN BY LAW OF ENERGY OF CONSERVATION?

A

The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant

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12
Q

energy can be changed one ______ to another?

A

form

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13
Q

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS?

A

LAW OF ENERGY CONVERSIONS

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14
Q

THE LAW OF ENERGY CONVERSIONS

A

Reducing the order of universe, increasing its entropy

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15
Q

what do u mean by RANDOMNESS in thermodynamic?

A

amount of disorder in a system.

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16
Q

what is the spontaneous direction of energy flow acc to 2 law of thermodynamics?

A

rich energy to less organized (less energy)

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17
Q

the amount of “lower quality” energy in the universe is ____________?

A

increasing

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18
Q

some energy is always lost as ________?

A

HEAT

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19
Q

What is imp for energy conversions?

A

Energy input

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20
Q

what happens to a organized system without energy input?

A

it gets disorganized

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21
Q

CELLULAR METABOLISM?

A

Sum of chemical activities in a living cell.

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22
Q

_______ increases rate of chemical reaction without the need For an increase in ________.

A

ENZYMES, TEMPRATURE

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23
Q

enzymes are a group of _________.

A

catalysts

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24
Q

In a cell, what group of enzymes catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a range of molecules.

A

PHOSPHATASES

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25
Q

In the presence of phosphatase the removal of phosphate takes how much time?

A

10 milliseconds

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26
Q

_________ radiation is also a form of energy.

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC

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27
Q

What happens to the energy level of electrons on gain of energy?

A

moves to higher energy level i.e. further away from nucleus.

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28
Q

what happens to electrons on loss of energy>

A

moves to lower energy levels, closer to nucleus.

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29
Q

what is the energy level near nucleus?

A

near nucleus,
First energy level(lowest energy)
second energy level
Third energy level (Highest energy)

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30
Q

Everything outside the system is called the ___________.

A

Surrounding

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31
Q

Isolated system?

A

does not exchange matter or energy

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32
Q

Closed system?

A

exchange energy, not matter with its surroundings

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33
Q

Open system

A

both energy and matter can move freely b/w the system and surroundings

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34
Q

The higher the waterfall, The __________ kinetic energy it will possess.

A

more

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35
Q

what is entropy

A

tendency of energy to become dispersed or spread out is defined as entropy

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36
Q

SPONTANEOUS PROCESS?

A

A process that occurs without a constant input of energy

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37
Q

entropy is measure of __________ or ____________.

A

disorder or randomness

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38
Q

what happens if entropy of system and surrounding increase?

A

energy and matter will becomes more spread out

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39
Q

ENTHALPY?

A

Heat content of a system (ΔH)

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40
Q

exothermic reaction?

A

process that releases heat
ΔH is negative

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41
Q

endothermic reaction?

A

system taking up heat from its surroundings
ΔH is positive

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42
Q

example of exothermic reaction?

A

burning of wood

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43
Q

example of endothermic reaction?

A

melting of ice

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44
Q

what technique is used to measure change in heat of a chemical reaction?

A

calorimetry

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45
Q

how does change in enthalpy and entropy influences the spontaneity of process?

A

1.reaction-spontaneous-exothermic
2.entropy of products greater than entropy of reactants

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46
Q

energy spreads our more readily when matter undergoes _________ changes.

A

phase

47
Q

Gibbs free energy?

A

amount of energy that is actually available in a system to do work (G) when temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system.

48
Q

what are the two different Metabolic pathways?

A

ANABOLISM, CATABOLISM

49
Q

what do u mean by the term metabolic pathways?

A

sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

50
Q

Define anabolism? and one example

A

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler substances
ex-photosynthesis

51
Q

define catabolism? and give one example

A

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
ex-cellular respiration

52
Q

what do u mean by chemical reactions?

A

change in composition or distribution of atoms of a substance, making or breaking of chemical bonds

53
Q

the total bond energy in a chemical reaction is essentially equivalent to the the total ______ energy of the molecule.

A

potential

54
Q

change In free energy?

A

ΔG = G products- G reactants

55
Q

change in Gibbs free energy is a measure of how ____________ a process is

A

spontaneous

56
Q

spontaneous reaction is one in which the free energy of the ___________ is less than that of __________.

A

products, reactants

57
Q

what is a spontaneous process called?

A

exergonic process

58
Q

what is a non spontaneous process called?

A

endergonic process

59
Q

what is the point of equilibrium?

A

point at which their is no longer any overall change in the concentration of the products and reactants.
Rate of forward reaction=rate of backward reaction

60
Q

livings cells can never reach ___________

A

chemical equilibrium

61
Q

what is the value of ΔG at chemical equilibrium?

A

ΔG = 0

62
Q

METABOLISM?

A

collection of all the chemical reactions present within a cell or organism

63
Q

Anabolic pathways aka __________

A

Biosynthetic pathways

64
Q

differentiate catabolic and anabolic pathway as endothermic and exothermic?

A

Catabolic pathway-exothermic-energy release
Anabolic pathway-endothermic-require energy

65
Q

what do you mean by ENERGY COUPLING REACTION?

A

use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions.

66
Q

HYDROLYSIS REACTION?

A

Terminal phosphate bond is broken, resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate and a molecule of inorganic phosphate.

67
Q

is energy released when bonds break?

A

🙅🏻‍♀️

68
Q

_____________ is required to break bonds.

A

ENERGY

69
Q

Is energy released on formation of new bonds.

A

☑️

70
Q

ATP BREAKDOWN IS A _________ PROCESS.
a.ENDERGONIC(ns)
b.EXERGONIC(s)

A

EXERGONIC

71
Q

ATP SYNTHESIS FROM ADP AND Pi is a ____ process.
a.EXERGONIC(s)
b.ENDERGONIC(ns)

A

endergonic

72
Q

ATP CYCLE?

A

CONTINUOUS BREAKDOWN AND RESYNTHESIS OF ATP ⚡️

73
Q

what is a transition state?

A

IN WHICH BONDS ARE UNSTABLE AND READY TO BE BROKEN

74
Q

ENZYMES ARE A GROUP OF _________?

A

Proteins

75
Q

what do u mean by catalyst?

A

chemical agent that speed up the rate of reaction without itself being chemically altered.

76
Q

what would happen to rate of reaction if activation energy is decreased?

A

enzymes INCREASE the rate of reaction

77
Q

IS ΔG ALTERED BY PRESENCE OF ENZYME?

A

NO

78
Q

ENERGY OF ACTIVATION?

A

The initial energy investment required to start a chemical reaction.

79
Q

what provides as the energy barrier preventing molecules from breaking down spontaneously?

A

energy of activation

80
Q

the role of enzymes is to _________ the energy of activation?

A

LOWER

81
Q

WHAT IS LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS?🔐

A

EXPLAINS THE SPECIFICITY OF SUBSTRATE-ENZYME INTERACTION

82
Q

ACTIVE SITE?

A

SPECIFIC SITE ON AN ENZYME WHERE SUBSTRATE BINDS AND CATALYSIS TAKES PLACE.

83
Q

WHAT ARE SOME NON-PROTEINS REQUIRED BY ENZYMES?

A

a.CO-FACTOR- inorganic ions such as iron, copper, zinc

b.COENZYME- organic molecules such as Coenzyme A (CoA), NAD, FAD or ATP

c.PROSTHETIC GROUP-distinctive molecular groups, permanently bound to their enzymes such as HEME OR FLAVIN.

84
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 WAYS BY WHICH ENZYME REDUCE THE ACTIVATION ERNGY ?

A
  1. Bringing the reacting molecules together
  2. Exposing the reactant molecule to altered change environment that promote catalysis.
  3. Changing the shape of substrate molecule.
85
Q

full form pf ATP?

A

adenosine 5’-triphosphate

86
Q

WHAT ARE THE. WAYS THAT ENERGY IS STORED IN LIVING CELL?

A
  1. chemical bonds of lipid, starch, or glycogen
  2. Temporarily stored in ATP for immediate use.
87
Q

what is the structure of ATP?

A

NUCLEOTIDE consisting of 3 main parts
a. adenine-‘ N’ contains organic base
b. Ribose- 5-CARBON sugar
c. 3 Phosphate groups

88
Q

what is the value of ΔG during hydrolysis of ATP AND what does it indicates?

A

-7.6 Kcal/mol
relatively small amount of energy is required to break the bond

89
Q

functions of enzymes?

A

1.lower the activation energy of the specific biochemical reaction.
2.Allowing equilibrium to be approached at fast rate.

90
Q

name some factors that affect enzyme activity?

A

1.Change in concentration of substrate and other molecules that bind to enzymes.
2.change in environmental factors, inhibitors, pH, temperature.

91
Q

with increase in enzyme concentration, rate of of product formation________?

A

increases

92
Q

when is an enzyme said to saturated with substrate(SATURATION LEVEL)?

A

when the catalytic cycle is turning as fast as possible, further increase in substrate concentration has no affect on the reaction rate.

93
Q

In the presence of excess substrate the rate of catalysis is proportional to _______________.

A

amount of enzyme

94
Q

how does ATP donates energy?

A

Through the transfer of phosphate group

95
Q

FROM WHERE DOES THE ENERGY TO MAKE ATP comes from?

A

catabolic reactions that are exergonic

96
Q

ATP __________ provides energy for cellular processes that are endergonic.

A

hydrolysis

97
Q

what is the ph value that most enzymes have?

A

7

98
Q

enzymes that are secreted from cells have ph value further from?

A

neutrality

99
Q

name the enzyme secreted into the stomach and its ph?

A

pepsin,1.5

100
Q

name the enzyme secreted in intestines and its ph?

A

trypsin, 8

101
Q

at extreme values of ph what happens to the rate of catalysis?

A

it drops to zero

102
Q

how is the rate of reaction affected by change in temp from 0 degree to 40 degree? and above 40 degree?

A

0º-40º:reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree increase in temp
above 40º:increasing kinetic motions begins to denature the enzyme ,reducing the rate of catalysis.

103
Q

too much increase in temp affects the rate of reaction in what ways?

A

👇🏻rapidly zero at about 60º

104
Q

what are the 2 ways through which ATP is generated?

A
  1. Substrate- level phosphorylation:direct formation of ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy compound to a ADP molecule.
  2. Chemiosmosis- process in cellular respiration and photosynthesis where a proton gradient across a membrane is utilized to generate ATP
105
Q

what are the two types of chemiosmosis?

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION-(cellular respiration)
ATP synthesis driven by electron transfer to oxygen.
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION-(photosynthesis)
ATP synthesis driven by light.

106
Q

how do cells transfer energy?

A

1.redox reactions
2.electron transfer

107
Q

in oxidation a cell ______ electrons?

A

loses

108
Q

in reduction a cell ______ electrons?

A

gains

109
Q

what is more easier-removing electrons from covalent compound or a whole atom?

A

whole atom

110
Q

redox reactions usually involves transfer of a ________ atom , rather than just an electron.

A

hydrogen(containing an electron and proton)

111
Q

what is an acceptor molecule

A

a molecule that accepts electrons from other molecule during redox reactions.

112
Q

name some common acceptor molecules in living cells?

A

[NAD+ - NADH] - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
[NADP+ - NADPH] - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [FAD+ - FADH2] - Flavin adenine dinucleotide
[Cytochromes (FeIII) - Cytochromes (FeII)]
[Quinone (Q) - Quinone (QH2)]

113
Q

how is free energy differentiated in reduced state and oxidized state?

A

reduces-more free energy
oxidized-less free energy

114
Q

what are the 2 most important organelles involved in cellular energy conversions?

A

chloroplast, mitochondia

Bio120 (10 decks)

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