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Bio120 > 8a > Flashcards

8a Flashcards

1
Q

what are the characteristics of the genetic material?

A

replication
storage of info
expression of that info
variation by mutation

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2
Q

what was the experiment performed by Frederick Griffith about?

A

to confirm DNA as the genetic material rather than proteins(1927-1928)

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3
Q

what was used by Griffith to inject in mice for his experiment

A

BACTERIUM-Streptococcus penumoniae- causing lung disease pneumonia

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4
Q

WHAT TWO DIFF STRAINS OF THE BACTERIUM WERE USED?

A

SMOOTH STRAIN
ROUGH STRAIN

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5
Q

differentiate the strains used by Griffith as virulent and non virulent

A

Smooth(S) stain- virulent-mice died
Rough(R) stain-non virulent- mice survived

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6
Q

what present in S strain protect bacteria

A

they have a protective layer, polysaccharide coat, capsule- protects the cell from immune system or host’s defence system

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7
Q

why can R stain be destroyed easily

A

it lacks capsule, hence it can be easily killed by immune system(host defense)

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8
Q

what happened when heat killed s bacteria was injected

A

mice lived
thus heath killed S cells are benign

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9
Q

heat-killed S bacteria+R Bacteria

A

mice died
living type R cells have transferred into virulent type S cells

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10
Q

what was the end hypothesis of Griffith’s experiment

A

a macromolecule from type S bacteria which functions as the genetic material will be able to convert the type R bacteria into type S

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11
Q

fredericks experiment was about ____ transformation

A

prokaryotic bacterium

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12
Q

who identified the unknown macromolecule in Griffith experiment?

A

1944-Oswald Avery et al.
identified it as DNA

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13
Q

what did Griffiths and further Oswalds experiments established?

A

DNA is the genetic material in cells.

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14
Q

what was the Hershey-chase experiment about?

A

BACTERIOPHAGE infection

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15
Q

what virus was used by Hershey-chase?

A

T2 that affect bacteria

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16
Q

what is the structure of a virus

A

outer protein coat with DNA inside

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17
Q

what radioactive compounds were in use to infect radioactive compounds

A

p32 (phosphorous), S35 (sulphur)

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18
Q

what was the conclusion form the Hershey chase experiment

A

1.virus DNA enters the host bacterial cell rather than proteins
2.DNA is the hereditary material
3.Dna contains the info not only for forming th new DNA but also the new protein coat in new viruses.

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19
Q

what happens when virus attacks the host bacteria

A

inserts its DNA into host
where it replicates, takes over cell machinery
produce Many more T2 viruses

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20
Q

define nucleic acids

A

polymers consisting of many nucleotide monomers, including DNA and RNA.

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21
Q

define nucleotides?

A

Building blocks of DNA

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22
Q

what are the 3 essential components of nucleotides?

A

1.A nitrogenous base(thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine)
2.a pentose(ribose, five carbon sugar)
3.phosphate group

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23
Q

what is the front and back end of nucleotide?

A

5’ prime back end
3’ prime front end

24
Q

two strands in a double stranded DNA molecule are arranges in ___________ direction.

A

opposite

25
Q

what are the 2 kinds of nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines(adenine, guanine)
Pyrimidines(cytosine, thymine, uracil)

26
Q

what is a nuclease composed of?

A

nitrogenous base and a ribose/deoxyribose sugar

27
Q

how are nucleoside and nucleotides named?

A

according to the specific nitrogen base(A,C,T,G and U)

28
Q

example of a nucleoside and nucleotide

A

nucleoside-(deoxy)adenosine
nucleotide-(deoxy)adenylic acid

29
Q

what replaces thymine in RNA?

A

Uracil

30
Q

nucleotides can also be described as?

A

nucleoside monophosphate
nucleoside diphosphate
nucleoside triphosphate

31
Q

differentiate diff types of nitrogenous bases as double ring or single ring
?

A

purine-double ring
pyrimidine single ring

32
Q

what forms nucleic acids?

A

polymerization of mononucleotides

33
Q

define phosphodiester bonds

A

linkage between two mono nucleotides consists of a phosphate group linked to 2 sugars forming a phosphodiester bon

34
Q

how is DNA sequence read

A

from 5’-end(five prime end) to the 3’-end(three prime end)

35
Q

how and who demonstrated that the dna molecule is a helix?

A

X-ray crystallography
Franklin and Wilkins

36
Q

what revealed Chargaff’s rule

A

biochemical analysis of hydrolyzed samples of DNA revealed

37
Q

what is char-gaff’s rule?

A
  1. the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine:(A=T)
    2.the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine :(G=T)
38
Q

name the key player in dna story

A

Rosalind Franklin
Maurice wilkins
Francis crick
James Watson

39
Q

DNA is in the form of ______

A

Double-stranded Helix

40
Q

who proposes that structure of dna is in a double stranded helix?

A

James Watson, Francis Crick

41
Q

DNA molecule consists of 2 strands what are __________ to each other

A

antiparallel

42
Q

nitrogenous bases concepts the strands in the middle through_________

A

H bonds

43
Q

the bases in 2 strands are complementary to each other via ________.

A

base pairing

44
Q

why are they referred to as double helix?

A

2 strands are twisted(coiled) to the right

45
Q

RNA structure

A

single strand polynucleotide(sometimes folded upon itself to form base pairing)

46
Q

what sugar molecule is present in RNA

A

ribose instead of deoxyribose

47
Q

what are the 3 major types of RNA

A

MESSENGER RNA(mRNA)
TRANSFER RNA(tRNA)
RIBOSOME RNA(rRNA)

48
Q

Define mRNA

A

transcript of the gene carries info for the synthesis of proteins

49
Q

define transfer RNA

A

transports amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to ribosome

50
Q

_________ functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language.

A

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

51
Q

________- is the most abundant type of RNA

A

Ribosome RNA

52
Q

define ribosome rna

A

together with proteins forms the most structure of ribosomes.

53
Q

how Is the genetic material coded in the DNA molecule

A

the info must lie on the linear sequences of the nitrogenous bases i.e., the arrangement of bases

54
Q

how is info passes on from 1 cell to another during mitosis

A

it must be because of the complementary base pairing of nitrogenous bases, that one strand serves as a template to form a new strand(DNA replication)

55
Q

how does the genetic material function

A

DNA passes on its info (transcription) where is this used in cell function.

Bio120 (10 decks)

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