Bio 111 Lab Practical One Flashcards
Joint
location where bone meets bone
Cartilage
gel like material between bones (joints)
Ligaments
elastic fiber that connects bones at joints
Tendons
attach muscles to bones
Types of cells in bone
-Osteocytes
-Osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
-build bone
-deposit calcium to harden to bone
-converts cartilage into bone
-slow down with age
Osteoclasts
-breakdown bone
-remain active through life
Three types of muscle
-Skeletal Muscle
-Smooth Muscle
-Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
-muscle attached to the skeleton
-functions in movement of body
-voluntary
Smooth Muscle
-line walls of stomach and intestines
-involuntary movement
-peristalsis muscle movement
Cardiac Muscle
-muscle in heart
-involuntary
-contains lines of intercalated disks
Gametes
-sperm
-egg
-haploid cells (n=23)
unite to create diploid cell (2n=46)
Sperm Structure
-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail
Sperm Head
-contains nucleus
-23 chromosomes, including X or Y
-Surrounded by acrosome
Acrosome
contains digestive enzymes to digest outer surface of egg
Sperm Midpiece
-contains mitochondria
-provides ATP energy for sperm movement
Tail
-flagella
-allow movement
Parts of Ovum
-Corona Radiata (protects egg)
-Zona Pellucida (jelly coat)
-Cell membrane
-Vitelline Membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
Zygote
fertilized egg
Four Stages of Sea Urchin Development
-Fertilization
-Cleavage
-Gastrulation
-Morphogenesis
Fertilization
-union of egg and sperm
-forms fertilized zygote
-produces fertilization envelope (halo around fertilized egg)
Cleavage
-rapid cell division w/out growth
-formation of morula, followed by blastula
Gastrulation
-rearranges cells of blastula into three tissue layered embryo (involution)
-embryo called the gastrula
-characterized by cell migration, not division
-gastrula made up of embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
Morphogenesis
-formation of body
-results in pluteus/larva
Acrosomal Reaction
-triggered when sperm contacts egg
-acrosome releases enzymes to digest outer egg covering
-acrosomal process proteins bind to vitelline layer receptors
-allows for species specific fertilization
Fusion
-fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and egg
-allows sperm nucleus to enter
Cortical reaction
-Nucleus pops cortical granules to release Calcium (Ca^+2)
-creates fertilization envelope (hardened outer coating)
Fertilization Envelope
-visible as halo around egg
-prevents polyspermy (multiple sperm entering egg)
Steps of Fertilization
-Contact
-Acrosomal Reaction
-Growth of acrosomal process
-Fusion
-Sperm nucleus entry
-Cortical reaction
Egg Activation
-rise in calcium increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis
-sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join
-cell division begins 12-36 hrs after fertilization
Morula
-solid ball of cells formed during cleavage
Blastula
-forms from morula during cleavage
-hollow ball of cells
-empty space within called blastocoel
-made of two parts: trophoblast and inner cell mass
Three Basic Components of Cardiovascular System
-Blood
-Blood Vessels
-Heart
Three Types of Blood Vessels
-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries
Three Types of Blood Cells
-Erythrocytes
-Leukocytes
-Thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
-Red Blood Cells
-Transport Oxygen
-Contain hemoglobin
-no nucleus
-transports up to 4 O2
Hemoglobin
-iron containing protein
-made up of heme group, iron, and polypeptide molecule
-heme group binds iron, which binds oxygen
Leukocytes
-white blood cells
-function in defense
-phagocytosis (eating) of bacteria and viruses
-release perforins (poison) that kills bacteria
-housekeeping cells
Thrombocytes
-platelets; fragments that function in blood clotting
-forms clot to stop bleeding
-coagulation cascade converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin through exposure to air
Blood stem cell
-come from blood from bone marrow
-become various other blood cells
Major Parts of the Circulatory System
-Capillaries
-Lungs
-Heart
-Vein
-Kidney
-Artery
Arteries
-carry blood away from the heart and organs
-usually carry oxygenated blood (exception pulmonary artery)
-artery has thicker walls than vein
Veins
-return blood to the heart
-usually deoxygenated blood (exception pulmonary vein)
-thinner walls than artery
Capillaries
-surround each tissue like nets
-aka capillary bed
-gases are exchanged between thin capillary walls
Heart
-covered by pericardium for protection
-separated in half by septum
-right side deoxygenated
-left side oxygenated
-four chambers: two atrium, two ventricles
-atrium receive blood
-ventricles pump blood out of heart
Sinoatrial Node
-SA Node
-near right atrium
-regulates heart beat (pacemaker)
-heartbeat influenced by hormones, body temperature and exercise
Tricuspid Valve
-between right atrium and right ventricle
-prevents backflow
Superior Vena Cava
-vein
-upper right side of heart
-brings deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body
Inferior Vena Cava
-vein
-lower right side of heart
-brings deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body
Aorta
-artery
-connected to left ventricle
-sends oxygenated blood through body
Pulmonary Artery
-connected to right ventricle
-sends deoxygenated blood to lungs
Pulmonary Vein
-connected to left atrium
-brings oxygenated blood back to heart from lungs
Bicuspid Valve
-between left atrium and left ventricle
-prevents backflow
Blood Flow Through Heart
-Superior and Inferior Vena Cava (from body) (deoxygenated)
-Right Atrium (deoxygenated)
-Right Ventricle (deoxygenated)
-Pulmonary Artery (deoxygenated)
-Lungs
-Pulmonary Vein (oxygenated)
-Left Atrium (oxygenated)
-Left Ventricle (oxygenated)
-Aorta (to body) (oxygenated)
Lacunae
-a cavity in bone containing osteocytes
Canaliculi
-channels in bone that contain calcium
-used to make bone
matrix
-white area of bone
haversian canals
-canals that contain blood vessels
-bring nutrients and calcium
-aka central canals
Lamellae
-concentric rings of bone
Hyaline Cartilage
-contain lacunae that contain chondrocytes
Chondrocytes
-cells that make cartilage
-contained in lacunae
Cranium
-skull
Mandible
-lower jaw bone
Clavicle
-collar bones
Scapula
-shoulder blades
sternum
-breast bone
humerus
-upper arm bone
ribs
-ribs, obviously
radius
-lower arm bone on side of thumb
ulna
-lower arm bone on side of pinky
carpals
-wrist bones
metacarpals
-inner hand bones; ‘palm’ bones
phalanges
-finger bones; toe bones
ilium
-‘wings’ of hip bone
sacrum
-tail bone
pubis
-mid hip bone, level with hip joints.
-pubic area
ischium
-lower hip bone ‘loops’
-beneath hip joints
femur
-upper leg bone
-thigh bone
patella
-knee cap
tibia
-lower leg bone
-inside of lower leg
fibula
-lower leg bone
-outside of leg
tarsals
-ankle bones
metatarsals
- foot bones
Frog Nostrils
-aka nares
-opening for entry/exit of air
tympanic membrane
-used for hearing
-located behind eye
nictitating membrane
-transparent eye covering
-protects and clean eye
-clear so frog can see under water
cloaca
-opening through which urine, feces, sperm and eggs pass through
vomerine teeth
-used to trap insects
-on roof of mouth behind nostrils
maxillary teeth
-teeth hidden under lip along outer ridge of mouth
eustachian tube
-close to corner of mouth
-used to equalize pressure of inner ear while swimming
frog esophagus
-tube connecting to stomach
-located in back of mouth
glottis
-opening to lungs
-under/before esophagus
frog heart
-right above liver
-left/right atrium
-one ventricle
frog liver
-large brown organ
-biggest organ, first you see
frog gall bladder
-little black organ, like pea
-under liver
frog lungs
-little shriveled ‘raisins’
-below heart
-under liver/gall bladder
frog stomach
-pale, ‘fleshy colored worm’
-under/beneath liver
frog pancreas
-very small pinkish organ
-located in ‘loop’ of stomach
frog kidney
-very small
-under intestines
-beside spleen
frog spleen
-small, brown, bean shaped
-under intestines
frog bladder
-beneath intestines
frog fat bodies
-in males
-along sides of frog body cavity
-orange octopi
frog ovaries
-in females
-along sides of frog body
-yellow wormies
