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Bio 111 > Bio 111 Lab Practical One > Flashcards

Bio 111 Lab Practical One Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Joint

A

location where bone meets bone

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2
Q

Cartilage

A

gel like material between bones (joints)

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3
Q

Ligaments

A

elastic fiber that connects bones at joints

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4
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

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5
Q

Types of cells in bone

A

-Osteocytes
-Osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts

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6
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-build bone
-deposit calcium to harden to bone
-converts cartilage into bone
-slow down with age

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7
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-breakdown bone
-remain active through life

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8
Q

Three types of muscle

A

-Skeletal Muscle
-Smooth Muscle
-Cardiac Muscle

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9
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

-muscle attached to the skeleton
-functions in movement of body
-voluntary

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10
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

-line walls of stomach and intestines
-involuntary movement
-peristalsis muscle movement

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11
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

-muscle in heart
-involuntary
-contains lines of intercalated disks

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12
Q

Gametes

A

-sperm
-egg
-haploid cells (n=23)
unite to create diploid cell (2n=46)

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13
Q

Sperm Structure

A

-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail

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14
Q

Sperm Head

A

-contains nucleus
-23 chromosomes, including X or Y
-Surrounded by acrosome

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15
Q

Acrosome

A

contains digestive enzymes to digest outer surface of egg

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16
Q

Sperm Midpiece

A

-contains mitochondria
-provides ATP energy for sperm movement

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17
Q

Tail

A

-flagella
-allow movement

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18
Q

Parts of Ovum

A

-Corona Radiata (protects egg)
-Zona Pellucida (jelly coat)
-Cell membrane
-Vitelline Membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm

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19
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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20
Q

Four Stages of Sea Urchin Development

A

-Fertilization
-Cleavage
-Gastrulation
-Morphogenesis

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21
Q

Fertilization

A

-union of egg and sperm
-forms fertilized zygote
-produces fertilization envelope (halo around fertilized egg)

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22
Q

Cleavage

A

-rapid cell division w/out growth
-formation of morula, followed by blastula

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23
Q

Gastrulation

A

-rearranges cells of blastula into three tissue layered embryo (involution)
-embryo called the gastrula
-characterized by cell migration, not division
-gastrula made up of embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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24
Q

Morphogenesis

A

-formation of body
-results in pluteus/larva

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25
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A

-triggered when sperm contacts egg
-acrosome releases enzymes to digest outer egg covering
-acrosomal process proteins bind to vitelline layer receptors
-allows for species specific fertilization

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26
Q

Fusion

A

-fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and egg
-allows sperm nucleus to enter

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27
Q

Cortical reaction

A

-Nucleus pops cortical granules to release Calcium (Ca^+2)
-creates fertilization envelope (hardened outer coating)

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28
Q

Fertilization Envelope

A

-visible as halo around egg
-prevents polyspermy (multiple sperm entering egg)

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29
Q

Steps of Fertilization

A

-Contact
-Acrosomal Reaction
-Growth of acrosomal process
-Fusion
-Sperm nucleus entry
-Cortical reaction

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30
Q

Egg Activation

A

-rise in calcium increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis
-sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join
-cell division begins 12-36 hrs after fertilization

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31
Q

Morula

A

-solid ball of cells formed during cleavage

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32
Q

Blastula

A

-forms from morula during cleavage
-hollow ball of cells
-empty space within called blastocoel
-made of two parts: trophoblast and inner cell mass

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33
Q

Three Basic Components of Cardiovascular System

A

-Blood
-Blood Vessels
-Heart

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34
Q

Three Types of Blood Vessels

A

-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries

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35
Q

Three Types of Blood Cells

A

-Erythrocytes
-Leukocytes
-Thrombocytes

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36
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-Red Blood Cells
-Transport Oxygen
-Contain hemoglobin
-no nucleus
-transports up to 4 O2

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37
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-iron containing protein
-made up of heme group, iron, and polypeptide molecule
-heme group binds iron, which binds oxygen

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38
Q

Leukocytes

A

-white blood cells
-function in defense
-phagocytosis (eating) of bacteria and viruses
-release perforins (poison) that kills bacteria
-housekeeping cells

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39
Q

Thrombocytes

A

-platelets; fragments that function in blood clotting
-forms clot to stop bleeding
-coagulation cascade converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin through exposure to air

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40
Q

Blood stem cell

A

-come from blood from bone marrow
-become various other blood cells

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41
Q

Major Parts of the Circulatory System

A

-Capillaries
-Lungs
-Heart
-Vein
-Kidney
-Artery

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42
Q

Arteries

A

-carry blood away from the heart and organs
-usually carry oxygenated blood (exception pulmonary artery)
-artery has thicker walls than vein

43
Q

Veins

A

-return blood to the heart
-usually deoxygenated blood (exception pulmonary vein)
-thinner walls than artery

44
Q

Capillaries

A

-surround each tissue like nets
-aka capillary bed
-gases are exchanged between thin capillary walls

45
Q

Heart

A

-covered by pericardium for protection
-separated in half by septum
-right side deoxygenated
-left side oxygenated
-four chambers: two atrium, two ventricles
-atrium receive blood
-ventricles pump blood out of heart

46
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

-SA Node
-near right atrium
-regulates heart beat (pacemaker)
-heartbeat influenced by hormones, body temperature and exercise

47
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

-between right atrium and right ventricle
-prevents backflow

48
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

-vein
-upper right side of heart
-brings deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body

49
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

-vein
-lower right side of heart
-brings deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body

50
Q

Aorta

A

-artery
-connected to left ventricle
-sends oxygenated blood through body

51
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

-connected to right ventricle
-sends deoxygenated blood to lungs

52
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

-connected to left atrium
-brings oxygenated blood back to heart from lungs

53
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

-between left atrium and left ventricle
-prevents backflow

54
Q

Blood Flow Through Heart

A

-Superior and Inferior Vena Cava (from body) (deoxygenated)
-Right Atrium (deoxygenated)
-Right Ventricle (deoxygenated)
-Pulmonary Artery (deoxygenated)
-Lungs
-Pulmonary Vein (oxygenated)
-Left Atrium (oxygenated)
-Left Ventricle (oxygenated)
-Aorta (to body) (oxygenated)

55
Q

Lacunae

A

-a cavity in bone containing osteocytes

56
Q

Canaliculi

A

-channels in bone that contain calcium
-used to make bone

57
Q

matrix

A

-white area of bone

58
Q

haversian canals

A

-canals that contain blood vessels
-bring nutrients and calcium
-aka central canals

59
Q

Lamellae

A

-concentric rings of bone

60
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

-contain lacunae that contain chondrocytes

61
Q

Chondrocytes

A

-cells that make cartilage
-contained in lacunae

62
Q

Cranium

A

-skull

63
Q

Mandible

A

-lower jaw bone

64
Q

Clavicle

A

-collar bones

65
Q

Scapula

A

-shoulder blades

66
Q

sternum

A

-breast bone

67
Q

humerus

A

-upper arm bone

68
Q

ribs

A

-ribs, obviously

69
Q

radius

A

-lower arm bone on side of thumb

70
Q

ulna

A

-lower arm bone on side of pinky

71
Q

carpals

A

-wrist bones

72
Q

metacarpals

A

-inner hand bones; ‘palm’ bones

73
Q

phalanges

A

-finger bones; toe bones

74
Q

ilium

A

-‘wings’ of hip bone

75
Q

sacrum

A

-tail bone

76
Q

pubis

A

-mid hip bone, level with hip joints.
-pubic area

77
Q

ischium

A

-lower hip bone ‘loops’
-beneath hip joints

78
Q

femur

A

-upper leg bone
-thigh bone

79
Q

patella

A

-knee cap

80
Q

tibia

A

-lower leg bone
-inside of lower leg

81
Q

fibula

A

-lower leg bone
-outside of leg

82
Q

tarsals

A

-ankle bones

83
Q

metatarsals

A
  • foot bones
84
Q

Frog Nostrils

A

-aka nares
-opening for entry/exit of air

85
Q

tympanic membrane

A

-used for hearing
-located behind eye

86
Q

nictitating membrane

A

-transparent eye covering
-protects and clean eye
-clear so frog can see under water

87
Q

cloaca

A

-opening through which urine, feces, sperm and eggs pass through

88
Q

vomerine teeth

A

-used to trap insects
-on roof of mouth behind nostrils

89
Q

maxillary teeth

A

-teeth hidden under lip along outer ridge of mouth

90
Q

eustachian tube

A

-close to corner of mouth
-used to equalize pressure of inner ear while swimming

91
Q

frog esophagus

A

-tube connecting to stomach
-located in back of mouth

92
Q

glottis

A

-opening to lungs
-under/before esophagus

93
Q

frog heart

A

-right above liver
-left/right atrium
-one ventricle

94
Q

frog liver

A

-large brown organ
-biggest organ, first you see

95
Q

frog gall bladder

A

-little black organ, like pea
-under liver

96
Q

frog lungs

A

-little shriveled ‘raisins’
-below heart
-under liver/gall bladder

97
Q

frog stomach

A

-pale, ‘fleshy colored worm’
-under/beneath liver

98
Q

frog pancreas

A

-very small pinkish organ
-located in ‘loop’ of stomach

99
Q

frog kidney

A

-very small
-under intestines
-beside spleen

100
Q

frog spleen

A

-small, brown, bean shaped
-under intestines

101
Q

frog bladder

A

-beneath intestines

102
Q

frog fat bodies

A

-in males
-along sides of frog body cavity
-orange octopi

103
Q

frog ovaries

A

-in females
-along sides of frog body
-yellow wormies

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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