Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 111 > Bio 111 Exam Two > Flashcards

Bio 111 Exam Two Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Three Basic Components of Cardiovascular System

A

-Blood
-Blood Vessels
-Heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three Types of Blood Vessels

A

-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three Types of Blood Cells

A

-Erythrocytes
-Leukocytes
-Thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-Red Blood Cells
-Transport Oxygen
-Contain hemoglobin
-no nucleus
-transports up to 4 O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-iron containing protein
-made up of heme group, iron, and polypeptide molecule
-heme group binds iron, which binds oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Leukocytes

A

-white blood cells
-function in defense
-phagocytosis (eating) of bacteria and viruses
-release perforins (poison) that kills bacteria
-housekeeping cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thrombocytes

A

-platelets; fragments that function in blood clotting
-forms clot to stop bleeding
-coagulation cascade converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin through exposure to air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood stem cell

A

-come from blood from bone marrow
-become various other blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Major Parts of the Circulatory System

A

-Capillaries
-Lungs
-Heart
-Vein
-Kidney
-Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arteries

A

-carry blood away from the heart and organs
-usually carry oxygenated blood (exception pulmonary artery)
-artery has thicker walls than vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Veins

A

-return blood to the heart
-usually deoxygenated blood (exception pulmonary vein)
-thinner walls than artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Capillaries

A

-surround each tissue like nets
-aka capillary bed
-gases are exchanged between thin capillary walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Heart

A

-covered by pericardium for protection
-separated in half by septum
-right side deoxygenated
-left side oxygenated
-four chambers: two atrium, two ventricles
-atrium receive blood
-ventricles pump blood out of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

-SA Node
-near right atrium
-regulates heart beat (pacemaker)
-heartbeat influenced by hormones, body temperature and exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

-between right atrium and right ventricle
-prevents backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

-vein
-upper right side of heart
-brings deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

-vein
-lower right side of heart
-brings deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aorta

A

-artery
-connected to left ventricle
-sends oxygenated blood through body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

-connected to right ventricle
-sends deoxygenated blood to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

-connected to left atrium
-brings oxygenated blood back to heart from lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

-between left atrium and left ventricle
-prevents backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Blood Flow Through Heart

A

-Superior and Inferior Vena Cava (from body) (deoxygenated)
-Right Atrium (deoxygenated)
-Right Ventricle (deoxygenated)
-Pulmonary Artery (deoxygenated)
-Lungs
-Pulmonary Vein (oxygenated)
-Left Atrium (oxygenated)
-Left Ventricle (oxygenated)
-Aorta (to body) (oxygenated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Respiratory System

A

-functions in gas exchange
-inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide
-oxygen enters blood stream; sent to cells and enters mitochondria
-gas exchange takes place through diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Four Common Respiratory Organs

A

-Gills
-Tracheae
-Skin
-Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gills

A

-aquatic animals
-outfoldings of body surface
-specialized for gas exchange
-requires water
-capillaries in gills take oxygen into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tracheae

A

-air tubes found in insects
-branch throughout entire insect body
-supply oxygen directly to each cell
-components: tracheae (opens to outside to obtain O2), spiracle, air sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Major Respiratory System Components

A

-Nasal Cavity
-Pharynx (throat)
-Larynx (voice box)
-Epiglottis
-Trachea
-Lungs
-Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Flow of Air From Outside to Lungs

A

-air enters through nasal cavity
-hairs filter out dust and debris
-air warmed and humidified
-air moves into pharynx
-air moved into trachea (windpipe)
-trachea branches to two airways, leading to each lung
-each branch called bronchus (bronchi-plural)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

‘Mucus Escalator’

A

-filters particles (dust, viruses, bacteria)
-made up of cilia and mucus
-lines respiratory tract to move particles up to pharynx
-particles trapped in mucus
-cleans respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Inside Lungs

A

-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bronchi

A

-two branches of the trachea
-branch into bronchial trees called bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Bronchioles

A

-branches off of bronchi
-end in alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Alveoli

A

-endpoints of the respiratory system
-air sacs that have contact with blood vessels
-where oxygen is takes into bloodstream
-human lung has 150 million alveoli in each lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Diaphragm

A

-sits under lungs and ribcage
-to inhale, diaphragm contracts (moves down)
-to exhale, diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Skin as Respiratory Surface

A

-used mostly by amphibians (frogs, etc)
-network of capillaries attached to skin
-skin very thin; oxygen diffuses directly through to capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Heterotrophs

A

-animal dependent on regular food supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Herbivores

A

-eat mainly plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Carnivores

A

-eat mainly meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Omnivores

A

-eat plant and animal matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Diet Must Provide

A

-glucose and fats (used to form ATP energy)
-Amino Acids (build protein)
-Vitamins and Minerals (for enzyme functioning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

-materials animal cannot make on their own
-must be obtained from diet
-four classes: amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

-eight must be obtained from food
-animal proteins are complete; all 8 amino acids present
-plant proteins incomplete; not all 8 amino acids present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

-Omega-3 Fatty Acids
-found in fish, eggs, some seeds, some nuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Vitamins

A
  • essential organic molecules
    -water-soluble and fat soluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

-thiamine
-riboflavin
-niacin
-pantothenic acid
-pyridoxine
-biotin
-folic acid
-cobalamin
-ascorbic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A

-retinol
-vitamin D
-tocopherol
-phylloquinone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Minerals

A

-simple inorganic nutrients
-Calcium
-Phosphorus
-Sulfur
-Potassium
-Chlorine
-Sodium
-Magnesium
Iron
-Fluorine
-Iodine
-Cobalt
-Copper
-Manganese
-molybdenum
-selenium
-zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Appetite Regulation

A

-hormones regulate long and short term appetite
-affect satiety center in brain
-regulating hormones: leptin, PYY, insulin, ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Leptin

A

-hormone
-suppresses appetite
-produced by fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

PYY

A

-hormone
-suppresses appetite
-produced by small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Insulin

A

-hormone
-suppresses appetite
-produced by pancreas due to rise in blood sugar after meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Ghrelin

A

-hormone
-triggers feeling of hunger
-secreted by stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Four Main Stages of Food Processing

A

-Ingestion
-Digestion
-Absorption
-Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Ingestion

A

eating food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown food into small particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Absorption

A

absorbing nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Elimination

A

removal of waste

58
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract

A

-aka GI Tract
-digestive tube with two openings, mouth and anus
-food moves through GI tract in one direction

59
Q

GI Tract Components

A

-mouth
-pharynx (throat)
-esophagus
-crop/gizzard/stomach
-intestines

60
Q

Crop

A

-not found in humans (worms, birds, etc)
-stores food

61
Q

Gizzard

A

-not found in humans (worms, birds, etc)
-contains sand/rocks
-grinds food (teeth analogue)

62
Q

Earthworm GI Tract

A

-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-crop
-gizzard
-intestine
-anus

63
Q

Bird GI Tract

A

-mouth
-esophagus
-crop
-stomach
-gizzard
-intestine
-anus

64
Q

Gastric Ceca

A

-found in insects only
-outfoldings that absorb nutrients
-spread nutrients through body

65
Q

Grasshopper GI Tract

A

-mouth
-esophagus
-crop
-gastric ceca
-anus

66
Q

Digestion

A

-mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small particles to be absorbed by body

67
Q

Peristalsis

A

-muscle contractions that move food through GI Tract

68
Q

Sphincters

A

-close off parts of GI tracts so food doesn’t move through too quickly

69
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

-separates stomach and small intestine

70
Q

Major Components of Digestive System

A

-oral cavity
-tongue
-salivary glands
-pharynx
-esophagus
-liver
-gall bladder
-stomach
-pancreas
-small intestine
-large intestine
-rectum
-anus

71
Q

Oral cavity

A

-mouth
-enzymes in saliva start to break down carbs
-contains teeth, salivary glands, tongue

72
Q

Teeth

A

-breakdown food into smaller pieces

73
Q

Salivary Glands

A

-produce saliva
-three in oral cavity

74
Q

Saliva

A

-produced by salivary glands
-lubricates food
-contains mucus
-protects lining of mouth from abrasion
-contains amylase
contains buffers

75
Q

Amylase

A

-enzyme contained in saliva
-breaks down starch

76
Q

Buffers

A

-contained in saliva
-helps prevent tooth decay
-neutralizes pH so amylase can work, even if acidic foods eaten

77
Q

Tongue

A

shapes food into a bolus to help with swallowing

78
Q

Pharynx

A

-aka throat
-junction that opens to both esophagus and trachea

79
Q

esophagus

A

-connects to stomach
-transports food to stomach through peristalsis

80
Q

epiglottis

A

-blocks entry to trachea when swallowing

81
Q

Stomach

A

-stores food
-begins digestion of proteins
-secretes gastric juice
-gastric juices kill bacteria in food
-enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins
-pyloric sphincter regulates movement of acid chyme from stomach to small intestine

82
Q

Gastric Juice

A

-converts food bolus to acid chyme
-contains HCL (hydrochloric acid)
-contains pepsin enzyme

83
Q

Pepsin

A

-enzyme that makes up gastric juice, along with HCl
-is a protease: protein digesting enzyme
-chops proteins into smaller peptides

84
Q

Three Types of Cells in Stomach

A

-found in gastric pits (gastric gland) on interior surface of stomach
-Mucus Cell
-Chief Cell
-Parietal Cell

85
Q

Mucus Cell

A

-makes mucus
-mucus protects stomach lining

86
Q

Chief Cell

A

-secretes pepsinogen
-contact with HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin (active enzyme)

87
Q

Parietal Cell

A

-secretes HCl (hydrochloric acid)

88
Q

Small Intestine

A

-longest section of digestive system (~20 ft long)
-most digestion of carbs, proteins and fats occurs here
-nutrients absorbed into blood stream
-three parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

89
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates

A

-Starch (plants and Glycogen (animals)
-broken down into glucose
-starts in mouth with salivary amylase
-continues in small intestine with pancreatic amylase

90
Q

Digestion of proteins

A

-broken down into amino acids
-broken down by pepsin secreted in stomach and trypsin secreted by pancreas

91
Q

Digestion of Lipids/Fats

A

-broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
-breakdown of fats requires bile secreted by liver and lipase secreted by pancreas

92
Q

Digestion of Nucleic Acids

A

-broken down into nucleotides
-A,T,C,G,U
-broken down by pancreatic nucleases

93
Q

Duodenum

A

-first portion of small intestine
-where acid chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver and gall bladder
-buffer in juices neutralizes acid chime, turning it to chyme

94
Q

Liver

A

-accessory digestive organ
-produces bile to emulsify/aid absorption of fats
-stores excess glucose as glycogen
-detoxification of poisons
-degradation of non-functional red blood cells

95
Q

Bile

A

-produced by liver
-stored in gall bladder
-released into small intestine to emulsify fat globules, turning the globules into single fat molecules

96
Q

Lipase

A

-enzyme produced in pancreas
-digests single fat molecules into glycerol and fatty acids

97
Q

Jejunum

A

-second section of small intestine
-functions in absorption of nutrients
-contains villi and microvilli

98
Q

Ileum

A

-last section of small intestine
-functions in absorption of nutrients
-contains villi and microvilli

99
Q

Villi

A

-finger like projections that absorb nutrients from food
-connected to blood vessels to take nutrients to bloodstream

100
Q

Microvilli

A

-finger like projections that absorb nutrients
-cover villi

101
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

-carries nutrient rich blood from villi to liver
-liver detoxifies absorbed organic materials

102
Q

Large Intestine

A

-aka colon
-connected to small intestine
-5 feet long
-larger in diameter than small intestine
-major function is to absorb water

103
Q

Rectum

A

-stores feces until eliminated

104
Q

Anus

A

-Undigested waste excreted as feces

105
Q

Gall Bladder

A

-Stores bile from liver and empties into small intestine

106
Q

Pancreas

A

-produces digestive enzymes
-produces buffer that neutralizes acidity of stomach acid

107
Q

Herbivore (Cow) Digestive System

A

-Mouth
-Esophagus
-Rumen
-Reticulum
-Omasum
-Abomasum
-Intestines

108
Q

Multi-Chambered Stomach

A

-found in herbivores (cows)
-Reticulum
-Rumen
-Omasum
-Abomasum

109
Q

Reticulum

A

-filters items swallowed, like sieve

110
Q

Rumen

A

-contains bacteria that breaks down grass

111
Q

Omasum

A

-churns food regurgitated to form a slurry

112
Q

Abomasum

A

-enzymatic breakdown of food

113
Q

Excretory System

A

-central to homeostasis
-Dispose of metabolic waste
-Maintain water balance
-regulate osmosis

114
Q

Marine Birds Nasal Glands

A

-removes excess sodium chloride (salt
-allows marine birds to drink salt water without ill effect

115
Q

Forms of Nitrogenous Waste

A

-Ammonia (aquatic animals
-Urea (mammals, most amphibians)
-Uric Acid (birds, reptiles, insects)

116
Q

Ammonia

A

-very toxic
-secreted by aquatic animals
-needs to be surrounded by water to dilute

117
Q

Urea

A

-excreted by most terrestrial mammals
-100,000 times less toxic than ammonia
-conversion of ammonia to urea requires ATP
-excretion of urea requires less water than ammonia
-produced in liver
-carried to kidneys via blood
-excreted in urine

118
Q

Uric Acid

A

-excreted by birds, insects, reptiles, land snails
-relatively nontoxic
-secreted as paste w/ very little water
-more energetically expensive to produce, requires more ATP than urea

119
Q

Protonephridium

A

-excretory system of flatworms
-tubules that branch through the body
-sweat out urine through pores

120
Q

Metanephridia

A

-excretory system of earthworms
-each segment of worm has one
-made of collecting tubule, bladder, external opening pore
-waste excreted through sweat

121
Q

Malpighian Tubules

A

-excretory system of insects
-tubules open into digestive system
-uric acid sent through digestive system
-excreted with feces
-relatively dry

122
Q

Human Excretory System Major Components

A

-Kidneys
-Ureters
-Bladder
-Urethra

123
Q

Kidneys

A

-pair of bean-shaped organs
-produce urine made of urea and water

124
Q

Ureters

A

-connect kidneys to bladder
-transport urine

125
Q

Bladder

A

-stores urine

126
Q

Urethra

A

-passes urine out of body

127
Q

Kidney Structure

A

-renal cortex
-renal medulla
-renal artery
-renal vein
-ureter
-renal pelvis

128
Q

Renal Cortex

A

-outer layer of kidney

129
Q

Renal Medulla

A

-inner part of kidney
-contains collecting ducts, loops of Henle, nephrons, etc

130
Q

Renal Artery

A

-carries blood into kidneys

131
Q

Renal Vein

A

-carries blood out of kidneys

132
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

-area at center of kidney
-urine collected and funneled into ureter

133
Q

Nephron

A

-tubule
-functional unit of kidneys
-acts as filter of blood to remove waste

134
Q

Components of Nephron

A

-glomerulus
-proximal tubule
-loop of Henle
-distal tubule
-collecting duct

135
Q

Glomerulus

A

-beginning of nephron
-ball of capillaries
-surrounded by bowman’s capsule
-acts as filter or sieve
-not selective based on size
-blood pressure forces blood through glomerulus into bowman’s capsule

136
Q

Proximal Tube

A

-reabsorbs valuable nutrients back into the blood
-glucose, amino acids, calcium reabsorbed
-rea, toxins, poisons, drugs secreted

137
Q

Loop of Henle

A

-made of two parts; descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle
-descending loop of Henle reabsorbs water
-ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs NaCl (sodium chloride; salt)

138
Q

Distal Tubule

A

-reabsorbs K+ (potassium)

139
Q

Collecting Duct

A

-reabsorbs water to determine dilute or concentrated urine

140
Q

ADH

A

-anti-diuretic hormone
-regulates kidney function
-targets collecting duct
-when released, signals kidneys to conserve water
-water reabsorbed by collecting duct, resulting in concentrated urine
-occurs when sweating or not drinking enough water

Bio 111 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions