Bio 111 Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
Fetal Pig Inner Anatomy
-Trachea (larger tube, above heart)
-Esophagus (thinner tube, to right of trachea)
-Heart (obvious)
-Lungs (on either side of the heart)
-Diaphragm (layer of muscle beneath heart and lungs)
-Liver (large, dark colored three lobed organ beneath diaphragm)
-Gall bladder (small round organ under the left lobe of the liver)
-Stomach (to the right of the liver)
-Spleen (thin organ beneath the stomach)
-Large intestine (thicker, shorter intestine)
-Small intestine (longer, thinner intestine beneath large intestine)
-Urinary bladder (last organ, sac-like)
Fetal Pig Oral Anatomy
-Incisor (tooth at top of hard palate)
-Canine (beneath incisor)
-Hard Palate (ridged palate closest to snout)
-Soft Palate (beneath hard palate)
-Nasopharynx (opening at bottom of soft palate)
-Epiglottis (flap of skin that covers nasopharynx)
Alternation of Generations
-Plant life cycle includes haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte
Gametophyte
-produces gametes (eggs/sperm) by mitosis
-haploid (n)
Sporophyte
-produces spores by mitosis
-diploid (2n)
Plant life cycle
Gametophyte (haploid)->Gametes->Fertilization->Sporophyte(diploid)->Meiosis->Spores(haploid)->Germination->Gametophyte
Bryophytes
-mosses
-non-vascular
-gametophyte dominant
-tall budding stems are sporophytes
-base, stereotypical moss is gametophyte
Thallus
-flat, leaf like gametophyte of liverwort
Moss Antheridia
-‘male’ part of moss
-produces sperm
-thicker, filled in ovals among finger-like parts
Moss Archegonia
-‘female’ part of moss
-produces egg
-tall, filled in spindles with clear space for egg in middle
Parts of Moss Antheridia
-sterile jacket (outer casing of filled in oval)
-sperm (the dark specks filling in the oval)
Parts of Moss Archegonium
-neck (thinner top portion)
-ventor (space for egg in center)
-egg (speck in middle of space)
-stalk (bottom portion)
Moss Capsule
-contains haploid spores
-‘bud’ at top of tall stalks of moss plant
Moss Protonemata
-young gametophyte formed from spores
-look like sperm in image
Full Moss Anatomy Image
-Gametophyte (bottom part of moss, looks spiny, root structure)
-Sporophyte (top, stalk parts of moss plant)
-Foot (where tall stalks rise out of base moss)
-Seta (stalk part of top moss plant)
-Capsule (‘bud’ at top of tall stalk parts of moss plant)
-Operculum (top ‘cap’ of capsule)
-Caplyptra (point at top of capsule bud)
Ferns
-vascular plant
-no seeds
-diploid (2n) sporophyte dominant
Sori
-dots on underside of fern leaf
-produce spores
-looks like sideways balloon with circles (spores) in it in microscope image
Megaphylls
-leaf of fern/underside of leaf of fern
Fern Gametophyte
-‘heart’ shaped, dyed blue in most images
-contain both antheridia (male, at bottom of ‘heart’, shown as small dots in microscope image) and archegonia (female, in top ‘crease’ of ‘heart’, shown as larger, thicker dots in microscope image)
-Rhizoids (root like structures at bottom of ‘heart)
Fern Gametophyte with Sporophyte Image
-gametophyte (dyed blue, heart shaped)
-sporophyte (green ‘wormie’ growing out of ‘heart’)
-base of ‘wormie’ is archegonia where sporophyte zygote formed
Gymnosperms
-pine tree as example
-vascular
-has seeds (pine cones)
Staminate
-‘male’ pine cone
-contains pollen/sperm
-little tiny corn cobs
-‘smoother’ sides in microscope images, ‘horns’ of cone curve upward
-spaces between each ‘horn’ filled with dots (pollen)
Ovulate
-‘female’ pine cone
-contain egg
-looks line a stereotypical pine cone
-‘spinier’ sides in microscope images, ‘horns’ of cone point outward
-each space between each horn contains large oval egg
Angiosperm
-flowering plants
-vascular
-have seeds
Stamen
-‘male’ part of flower
-made up of anther (‘fuzzy’ top part, contains microspores/pollen) and filament (‘stem’, bottom part, holds anther to flower)
-microscopic anther image provided looks like moth, a void in each ‘wing’ holds microspores, which look like dots
Microspore
-forms pollen
-each pollen grain contains tweo sperm cells
Carpel
-pistil
-‘female’ part of flower
-only one, surrounded by stamen
-stigma; top of carpel, kind of looks like dark colored, partially popped popcorn
-style; ‘stem’ of carpel, where the pollen tube is created to allow pollen to reach egg
-ovary; hidden behind style/filaments
Flower Ovary
-contains megasporocyte (egg)
-microscopic image looks like weird blue Rorschach test
-thick outer part is ovary wall
-six curled ‘arms’ in inner part are ovules
Flower egg stages
-four cell stage (has four cells inside
-eight cell stage (has 8 cells, one at top, one directly beneath, three large white ones in center, three in cluster at bottom)
Flower Embryo
-7 cells, 8 nuclei
-three antipodal cells in cluster at top
-one large endosperm cell with two nuclei in center
-egg directly beneath endosperm
-two synergid cells at bottom
Kingdom Protista
-three main groups
-Photosynthetic Autotrophs (plant like)
-Protozoa (animal like)
-Fungus-Like
Photosynthetic Autotrophs
-plant like
-algae like
Protozoa
-animal like
-motile
Fungus Like
-decomposers
-form spores and filaments
Phylum Euglenophyta
-include euglena
-contain chloroplasts
-contain flagella
-so photosynthesis
-look like misshapen green ovals
Phylum Ciliophora
-includes paramecium
-contain cilia
-contain food vacuoles to engulf organisms
-look like semi-transparent, misshapen ovals with hair on the outside (cilia)
Ameoboids
-include amoeba
-contain pseudopods (false feet)
-look like an amoeba
Phylum Bacillariophyta
-includes diatoms
-cell walls made of silica or glass
-make up diatomaceous earth
-used to make computer chips
-geometric shapes
-image examples look like psychedelic computer generated shapes, or colorful sand dollars
Phylum Pyrrophyta
-includes dinoflagellates
-causes red tide
-produce neurotoxin that is toxic to fish
-example images look like a green, circular plant cell, or a blue circular cell
Phylum Phaeophyta
-include brown algae/fucus
-contain pigment fucoxanthin
-giant kelp
-contain cell wall made of algin
-algin thickening agent in ice cream
-images look like little brown kelps
Phylum Rhodophyta
-includes red algae
-contain pigment phycobilin (causes red color)
-cell walls made of agar
-agar used in agar plates to culture bacteria
-used to make nori (sushi wrap)
-images look like red/pink seaweed/kelp
Phylum Chlorophyta
-includes volvox, oedogonium, spirogyra, ulva
-includes green algae (ancestor of land plants)
-ulva is sea lettuce
Volvox
-live in colonies
-image looks like clear circle with various sized green dots/circles inside
Oedogonium
-images look like segmented insect legs filled with green cells
-one image is dyed blue
Spirogyra
-images look like transparent tubes with green spirals going through them
Ulva
-sea lettuce
-green algae
-image looks like green algae
Bacteria
-prokaryotic cells
-lack nucleus
-unicellular
-microscopic
-dna strands free floating in center (look like nasty spaghetti)
-grown on nutrient agar plates
Cocci
-spherical bacteria
can grow in a diplococcus set
-can grow in a streptococcus chain
-can grow in a staphylococcus cluster
Bacilli
-rod shaped bacteria (oval-ish, like a pill)
-can grow in a bacili chain
Spirillum
-spiral shaped bacteria
-image example is short, loose spirals
Spirochaete
-corkscrew shaped bacteria
-image example is longer, tighter spirals
Vibrio
-‘comma’ shaped bacteria
-example image is brown
Gram Stain
-Gram negative bacteria are stained red/pink
-Gram positive bacteria are stained purple
Antibacterial Test
-used to test effectiveness of antibacterial solutions
-most effective antibiotic has largest zone of inhibition
-zone of inhibition is area around disk where bacteria is killed
-image has disk covered in brown bacteria
-little blue disk represents disk soaked in antibacterial substance
-zone of inhibition is white circle around disk
